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Principles of Infectious Diseases > Antimicrobial Resistance > Flashcards

Antimicrobial Resistance Flashcards

1
Q

Microbiological definition of AMR

A

Reistance is thr property of bacterial strains to survive at higher antibiotic concentrations compared with the wild type popilation

I.e. bacterial population that does not contain any resistance gene or mutation conferring resistance within species

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2
Q

Clinical definition of AMR

A

Resistance is the bacterial abiliy to survive antimicrobial therapoy and cause therapeutic failure

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3
Q

How to bacteria aquire resistance

A

Mutation

Horizontal gene transfer ( tranformation, transduction, conjugation)

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4
Q

Tranformation

A

Uptake of free DNA

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5
Q

Transduction

A

Transfer mediated by phage delivery

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6
Q

Conjugation

A

Transfer of mobile genetics dements via cel to cell contact

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7
Q

Superbugs in human medicine that are mainly in HOSPITALS (4)

A

Carbapenen-resistant K. Pneumoniae
Multidrug-resistant A. baumannii
Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus
Multidrug-resistant P. Aeruginosa

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8
Q

Superbugs in human medicine in HOSPITALS and COMMINITY (2)

A

Meticillin-resistant S aereus (MRSA)

ESBL- producing E. coli

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9
Q

Superbugs in human medicine in COMMUNITY (2)

A

Penicillin-resistant.S. pneumoniae

Multidrug-resistant N. Gonorreheae

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10
Q

Superbugs in human medicine in DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (2)

A

Multidrug-resistant M. Tuberculosis

Multidrug-resistant Shigella

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11
Q

Salmonella resistance

A

Resistance to cephalosporins or fluoroquinolones

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12
Q

Campylobacteria restistance

A

Resistance to macrolides or fluoroquinolones

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13
Q

What is recommended for invasive infections

A

Antibiotic therapy

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14
Q

Stapgylococcus aerus (MRSA) has resistance to

A

Beta lactams

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15
Q

Staphylococcus aerus in animals

A

Mainly in pigs

Limited to companion animals and dairy cows

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16
Q

T or F

S. Aerus has high risk of foor transmission

A

False

Low risk

17
Q

Staphylococcus Pseudintermedius (MRSP) has resistace to

A

Beta lactam

18
Q

MRSP occurs mainly in what animals

A

Dogs

19
Q

E. Coli (ESBL producers) have resistance to

A

Beta lactams

20
Q

What bacteria has high risk of food transmission

A

E. Coli

21
Q

ESBL-produsing E. coli diseases (4)

A

UTI
Pyometra
Periotonitis
Wound infections

22
Q

MRSA/MRSP diseases

A

Skin and wound infection
Otitis
Surgical site infections
UTIs

23
Q

What does MRSA stand for

A

Meticillin resistance staphylococcus aerus

24
Q

MRSA has aquired what (genes?)

A

Has aquired resistance gene (mecA) encoding a penicillin-binding protein (PBP2A) with low affinity to mos beta lactams (Penicillin and cephalosporins)

25
Q

MRSP has aquired

A

MecA just like MRSA

26
Q

Antimicrobial choice for MRSP is difficult because?

A

Since MRSP strains may be resitant to all antibiotic liscenced for vets use

27
Q

ESBL stants for

A

Extended spectrum beta lactamase

28
Q

What is ESBL

A

Enxyme hydrolizing/inactivating most beta lactam (except carbapenems) produced by gram negative bacteria

29
Q

T or F

True EBSL are suceptible to beta lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acis

A

TRUE

30
Q

Main classes of EBSL (3)

A

CTX-M
SHV
TEM

31
Q

What is the most common type of EBSL in food in animals

A

CTX-M

32
Q

What is the non-EBSL enzyme, resistant to beta lactamase inhibitors, widespread in small animals and limited in europe and poultry

A

CMY-2

33
Q

Consequences of animals and public health

A

Increased patient mortality and morbidity

Risk of zoonotic transmission

34
Q

Economic consequences

A 
More visits, lab tests, and therapies
Prolonged hospitalization
Produced weight gain
Loss of constumers/reputation by vets
Expensive hospital and decontamination
Survealence and intervention costs

Principles of Infectious Diseases (12 decks)

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