Antimicrobial Resistance Flashcards
Microbiological definition of AMR
Reistance is thr property of bacterial strains to survive at higher antibiotic concentrations compared with the wild type popilation
I.e. bacterial population that does not contain any resistance gene or mutation conferring resistance within species
Clinical definition of AMR
Resistance is the bacterial abiliy to survive antimicrobial therapoy and cause therapeutic failure
How to bacteria aquire resistance
Mutation
Horizontal gene transfer ( tranformation, transduction, conjugation)
Tranformation
Uptake of free DNA
Transduction
Transfer mediated by phage delivery
Conjugation
Transfer of mobile genetics dements via cel to cell contact
Superbugs in human medicine that are mainly in HOSPITALS (4)
Carbapenen-resistant K. Pneumoniae
Multidrug-resistant A. baumannii
Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus
Multidrug-resistant P. Aeruginosa
Superbugs in human medicine in HOSPITALS and COMMINITY (2)
Meticillin-resistant S aereus (MRSA)
ESBL- producing E. coli
Superbugs in human medicine in COMMUNITY (2)
Penicillin-resistant.S. pneumoniae
Multidrug-resistant N. Gonorreheae
Superbugs in human medicine in DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (2)
Multidrug-resistant M. Tuberculosis
Multidrug-resistant Shigella
Salmonella resistance
Resistance to cephalosporins or fluoroquinolones
Campylobacteria restistance
Resistance to macrolides or fluoroquinolones
What is recommended for invasive infections
Antibiotic therapy
Stapgylococcus aerus (MRSA) has resistance to
Beta lactams
Staphylococcus aerus in animals
Mainly in pigs
Limited to companion animals and dairy cows
T or F
S. Aerus has high risk of foor transmission
False
Low risk
Staphylococcus Pseudintermedius (MRSP) has resistace to
Beta lactam
MRSP occurs mainly in what animals
Dogs
E. Coli (ESBL producers) have resistance to
Beta lactams
What bacteria has high risk of food transmission
E. Coli
ESBL-produsing E. coli diseases (4)
UTI
Pyometra
Periotonitis
Wound infections
MRSA/MRSP diseases
Skin and wound infection
Otitis
Surgical site infections
UTIs
What does MRSA stand for
Meticillin resistance staphylococcus aerus
MRSA has aquired what (genes?)
Has aquired resistance gene (mecA) encoding a penicillin-binding protein (PBP2A) with low affinity to mos beta lactams (Penicillin and cephalosporins)
MRSP has aquired
MecA just like MRSA
Antimicrobial choice for MRSP is difficult because?
Since MRSP strains may be resitant to all antibiotic liscenced for vets use
ESBL stants for
Extended spectrum beta lactamase
What is ESBL
Enxyme hydrolizing/inactivating most beta lactam (except carbapenems) produced by gram negative bacteria
T or F
True EBSL are suceptible to beta lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acis
TRUE
Main classes of EBSL (3)
CTX-M
SHV
TEM
What is the most common type of EBSL in food in animals
CTX-M
What is the non-EBSL enzyme, resistant to beta lactamase inhibitors, widespread in small animals and limited in europe and poultry
CMY-2
Consequences of animals and public health
Increased patient mortality and morbidity
Risk of zoonotic transmission
Economic consequences
More visits, lab tests, and therapies Prolonged hospitalization Produced weight gain Loss of constumers/reputation by vets Expensive hospital and decontamination Survealence and intervention costs
