Clin Immuno A Flashcards
1
Q
What are the different kinds of transplant rejection ?
A
- hyper acute
-acute
-chronic
2
Q
Define hyper acute rejection
A
- recipient already had memory cells primed to respond to the antigen & immediately activates these so rejection happens rapidly after transplant
3
Q
Define acute rejection
A
- where the recipient immediately initiates an immune response which usually occurs over the first few weeks after the transplant
4
Q
Describe chronic rejection
A
- slow/late response
- often doesn’t develop for years & can be triggered by other immune challenges of other environmental factors
5
Q
Describe Graft vs Host disease (GvHD)
A
- transplanted tissue contains blood& potentially lymph nodes which contain lymphocytes
- these cells can leave the graft & react to surrounding tissues
- In effect the graft rejects the recipient
- this damages the surrounding tissues & can spread systematically
6
Q
What are some signs of hyper acute kidney rejection?
A
- malaise, high fever
- graft tenderness
- onset within 48hrs
7
Q
What are some signs of acute kidney rejection?
A
- 1 week - 2 yrs
- oliguria, anuria
- increased temp & bp
- flank tenderness
- lethargy
8
Q
Define oliguria
A
- reduced production of urine
9
Q
Define anuria
A
= no production of urine
10
Q
Describe chronic kidney rejection
A
- gradual over months to years
- fatigue
- increase in blood urea nitrogen & creatinine
- proteinuria
11
Q
Describe Hypersensitivity
A
- over-reaction in immune response
- rarely occurs on first exposure
- usually 1 or more component present in excess, or failure to switch off an immune reaction
- results in damage to self-tissue, including autoimmunity & graft rejection
12
Q
What are the 4 types of hypersensitivity ?
A
- Type 1 = immediate, IgE inflammatory mediatiors
- Type 2 = Ab react with Ag on cell surface
- Type 3 = Ab to soluble & persistent Ag, immune complexes
- Type 4 = delayed, cell mediated
13
Q
Describe Type 1 Hypersensitivity
A
- immediate - allergy
- involves mucosal surfaces
- degranulation of mast cells by IgG cross-linking-histamine, prostaglandins, cytokines
- atopic disorders = asthma, hay fever
- genetic predisposition
- anaphylaxis
- cytokine storm
14
Q
Describe Type 2 Hypersensitivity
A
- antibody mediated cytotoxic mechanisms
- preformed Ab to surface molecules lead to localised cytotoxicity by C & frustrated phagocytosis
- transfusion reactions, haemolytic disease of newborn, autoimmunity
15
Q
Describe Type 3 Hypersensitivity
A
- immune complex disease
- antibodies to systemic antigen leads to deposition of IC in joints, skin , blood vessels, kidneys, etc
- IC depositions initiates inflammation
- RA, SLE, Leprosy, malaria, hepatitis, chronic graft rejection
