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Junior Cert Geography - > Climates > Flashcards

Climates Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain how latitude influences the climate

A

Latitude is distance north and south of the equator

In general the further away from the equator you go the colder it gets

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2
Q

Explain how distance from the sea can influence climate

A

Water in the sea absorbs beta very slowly in the summer but loses it very slowly in the winter so areas of land close to the sea are cooled by the after during the summer and warmed up by the water during the winter. Areas close to the sea tend to have a small temperature range because of this.

Land absorbs heat quickly in the summer and loses it quickly during the winter so inland areas have very hot summers and very cold winters with a larger temperature range than coastal areas

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3
Q

How do the prevailing winds and air masses effect thhe climate

A

Winds and air masses can make an area colder warmer wetter or drier depending on what direction they come from and weather they pass overland or water on the way

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4
Q

What factors influence climate

A

Latitude
Distance from the sea
Prevailing winds and air masses

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5
Q

What will northerly winds bring

A

Cold and dry weather

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6
Q

What will easterly winds bring

A

Warm in summer
Cold in winter
Usually dry

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7
Q

What will southerly winds bring

A

Warm weather and some rain

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8
Q

What will south westerly winds bring

A

Cool in summe
Mild in winter
Rain bearing

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9
Q

What is local climate

A

The climate experienced by a small region

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10
Q

What factors influence local climate

A

Aspect and altitude

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11
Q

Explain aspect

A

Aspect referes to the direction in which a. Slope is facing. A slope can face north or south
In the northern hemisphere, south facing slopes are warmer as the sun shines directly onto south facing slopes, warm southerly winds blow against south facing slopes and they are protected from the cold northerly winds (DIAGRAM)

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12
Q

Explain altitude

A

It means height above sea level
The higher you go the colder it gets. Temperature drops 7degrees Celsius for every 1000 metres you go up. This is because the air is thinner and can hold less heat. Upland areas are also more expose to the wind hi ha slots makes it colder (this is known as the wind chill factor)

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13
Q

What is the wind chill factor

A

They higher you go, you are more expose to winds and so it makes it colder

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14
Q

What is a natural region

A

An area of the world that has it own unique characteristics that make it different to other areas

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15
Q

What a re the three groups of world climates

A

Hot climates
Temperate climates
Cold climates

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16
Q

What are the major hot climates

A

Equatorial
Savanna
Hot dessert

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17
Q

What are the types of temperate climates

A

Cool temperate

Warm temperate

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18
Q

Whatever the types of cold climates

A

Tundra

Boreal

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19
Q

Where are the hot climates found

A

Within latitudes 30 degrees north and 30 degrees south close to the equator

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20
Q

Explain the equatorial climate

A 
Hot all year (28 degrees)
One season
Rainfall every afternoon
Rainfall 2000 MM./yr
Rainforest/jungle
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21
Q

Explain the desert climate

A

Temperature at day 50-30
Temperature at night 5
Rainfall 1000mm/yr
Long droughts followed by sudden downpours

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22
Q

Plays and animals in the desert climate

A

It’s hard for plants and animals to survive because there’s little water in the desert
Plant and animals that have survived have adapted to the desert climate eg cactus

23
Q

How has the cactus adapted to the desert climate

A

It has thick bark to prevent loss of moisture
It can store water inside it
Roots spread out over long distances to reach a water supply
The needles protect it from old animals

24
Q

Explain savanna climate

A 
Hot all year ( 25-35) 
Two seasons
Wet summers
Dry winters
Scattered trees/ grassland
25
Q

Animals in the dessert and how they have adapted to the desert

A

A camel is an animal who has adapted to the desert climate
It has long eye lashes to protect it from the sand getting in their eyes
Nostrils can open and close giving protection during sandstorms
Thick skin on their legs so they can kneel in the hot sand
Wide hooves for walking in the sand
Can store fat in their humps for when food is scarce

26
Q

What is an oasis

A

A fertile area in the desert where water is Lund close to the surface

27
Q

What is desertification

A

It means turning land into desert

28
Q

What is Sahel

A

A region at the edge of the Sahara desert

29
Q

Who are the people that live in the Sahel region

A

Tuareg

30
Q

What is the causes of desertification

A

CLIMATE CHANGE
Rainfall in the region is unreliable it may come late or not at all
Higher temperature because of global warming lead to increase of evaporation and less condensation
Rivers and waters have dried up

31
Q

Human factors of desertification

A

The countries of the Sahel have a high birth rate so there is rapid population growth and a large demand for food

People keep large herds of cattle and goats leading to overgrazing

Farmers change their way of farming from grazing to growing which is impossible as whiteout fertiliser the soil loses nutrients and crops fail

Trees and shrubs are cut down for cooking and heating as a result soil erssion is sped up

32
Q

Results of desertification

A

Town and villages have been swallowed by advancing sands
Many people have moved to urban areas leading to growth in slums
People have died from famine eg Ethiopia
People have migrated in search of food and aid, they now live in refugee camps and these camps have grown

33
Q

Solutions to desertification

A

TAKEN AT A LOCAL LEVEL
Slow down erosion by planting trees as shelter belts
Blind the soil particles by planting grasses that are resistant to drought
Dig deeper wells to find water for irrigation
Introduce new breeds of animals that produce more milk but in smaller herds

34
Q

What is cool temperate oceanic climate also known as

A

Mediterranean climate

35
Q

Cool temperate oceanic climate temp. Precip. And natural vegetation

A 
Warm summers 15-17
Mild winters 4-6 
Temp range 11
Rainfall throughout year. Most in winter
800-2000 MM/yr
Weather is cloudy and changes often
Deciduous forest which include oak, ash, elm and willow
Most are removed for farming, transport and settlement
36
Q

Warm temperate oceanic climate during summer

A

Summers are hot and dry 30d. Dry and some drought.

  • close to the equator so sun is high in sky
  • cloudless skies along long hours of sunshine
  • high pressure belts
  • trade winds that blow over dry land masses
37
Q

Winters in warm temperate oceanic climate

A

Mild and moist 4-6d. With 400-700 MM of rain

  • sun still high enough for warm conditions
  • prevailing winds are southwestern so they blow from warmer latitudes making them warmer
  • winds from the Atlantic Ocean bring moist air
  • depression form over Mediterranean Sea
  • rain falls in heavy showers
38
Q

Vegetation in warm temperate oceanic climate

A
  • Evergreen woodland including cork oak, cypress, cedar and olive.
  • absorb and store moisture in winter
  • very thick bark and waxy leaves prevent moisture loss
  • widely spaces to avoid competition for moisture
39
Q

Human activity in Mediterranean climate

A

.Sheep and goats are animals most commonly reared
.Overgrazing has changed the scant vegetation and the soil has been exposed to erssion by sudden downpours of rain
.fruit and veg framing takes place throughout the year
.irrigation schemes have been introduced to overcome summer drought.
.main crops growing are citrus fruits (lemons oranges grapefruit), tomatoes and vines
.other crops like wheat maize and sunflower are grown

Tourism
.

40
Q

Tourism in Mediterranean

A 
Man industry in coastal areas
Costa deal sol, Rivera, Majorca 
Has brought: wealth and jobs(seasonal)
                        Pollution
                        Water shortages
                        Badly planned development
41
Q

What does tundra mean

A

Without trees

42
Q

Tundra temperature

A

Summers are short and cool rarely above 15
Winters are long cold and as low as -35
Large temperature range

43
Q

Precipitation in tundra

A

Form of snow

Less than 250 MM a year

44
Q

Natural vegetation in tundra

A

Little because of harsh climate

Main are heather, misses and linches

45
Q

Wildlife in tundra

A

.animals and birds in summer but not in winter bc it’s too cold

46
Q

What does boreal mean

A

Northern

47
Q

Where do you find the boreal climate

A

Found in a belt that runs across America and Eurasia between 55 degrees north and the art I circle

48
Q

Temperature in boreal summer

A

Summer are short with long days 10-15
Northern hemisphere is tilted towards sun
Long hours of sunshine allow land absorb heat

49
Q

Temperature in winter boreal

A

Winters are very cold with long nights -25,
Northern hemisphere is tilted away from sun
Sun low in sky Ray’s have to cover large area of land giving little heat

50
Q

Precipitation in boreal

A

Low 400 mm/yr
Polar winds too cold to hold much moisture
Far from sea do dry winds

51
Q

Natural vegetation boreal

A

The taiga evergreen coniferous forest
- the trees have :
- cone shaped branches that slope downwards so snow slides off
- thick bark to retain moisture and gives protection from cod winds
- shallow roots as only a thin layer of soil above permantly frozen ground (permafrost)
- roots that spread out widely to gather moisture(as much as possible)
- needles to prevent moisture loss
DIAGRAM

52
Q

Boreal wildlife

A

Mink bear wolf and eagle
Adapted
Avoided stresses of winter by hibernating during winter
Fur acts as insulation keeping them warm in winter and cool in simmer
Some animals have wide hooves that act as snowshoes
Birds migrate to the southb during winger

53
Q

Boreal climate people

A

Very few due to harsh climate
Miners foresters and natives

SAMI
More than 50,000 living in Lapland
Stretches across Norway, Sweden, Finland and part of Russia
Europes last tribe
In Past they were herders and lifestyle based on migration of reindeer herds
Today many are urban dwellers working in forestry industry

54
Q

Human activity boreal

A

Boreal forests have been untouched for years by humans but today :
Forests in Russia and Canada are at risk from logging companies as they are clearing the forests
Wood is a huge demand for paper and chipboard
Also at risk from mining and oil exploration companies

Junior Cert Geography - (25 decks)

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