classical & operant conditioning Flashcards
unit 6study the two types of conditioning and the differences
classical conditioning
involuntary/ automatic behaviors (reflex) (Pavlov, Watson, & Garcia)
operant conditioning
voluntary behavior (Skinner & Thorndike)
discrimination
responding to only one stimulus
generalization
responding to similar stimuli
extinction
when a response no longer occurs
spontaneous recovery
response suddenly returns after extended extinction
John B Watson
baby Albert experiment, studied conditioning
Mary Cover Jones
pioneer of behavior therapy, studied desensitization
counter conditioning
creates a negative response to avoid an undesirable stimulus, (ex. hot sauce & thumb sucking)
first-order conditioning
bell + food -> salivate
bell -> salivate
second-order conditioning
light + bell -> salivate
light -> salivate
learned food aversion (Garcia effect)
no longer eating/liking a food after a bad experience while eating it
shaping
rewards subject each time it gets closer to desired response
chaining
links behavior to create a complex activity
positive reinforcement
gives reward to increase likelihood of behavior in the future
negative reinforcement
removes/withdraws something unpleasant to increase likelihood of behavior in future
positive punishment
bad stimulus introduced to decrease likelihood of behavior in future
negative punishment
gives penalty to decrease likelihood of behavior in future
instinctive drift
tendency to forgo rewards to pursue instincts
fixed ratio
set # of responses
fixed interval
set amount of time
variable ratio
different ranges in # of responses
variable interval
different ranges of time
