Classical Civilisations Flashcards
What is oligarchy?
Ruled by a group of people but not all people
How was power divided?
Patricians who were the oldest and most powerful. 3% of Rome
Plebeians who were the common body
When was the Roman republic
509 BCE - 31 BCE
Greatest crime?
To be a king
Why roman politicians were patricians?
Politicians did not get paid so patricians had to do it
Cursus Honorum
Political ladder
Who were consuls?
X2
Commanded the army, handled national foreign exchange, possessed imperium
Praetors
X 6
Imperium, deputy to governors
Aediles
X 8
4 each year, public admin, water and corn supply, public games
Queastors
X 16
Finance
Senate
Usually 300 but could increase in number
Tribune
X 10
Representing plebs, has veto,
Equites
Traders or merchants
Get rich to gain power
Optimates
Limit power of tribune Extend power to senate Opposed novi homines Prevent generals Senate in charge (oligarch)
Populares
Uses tribunes to gain power
Expand citizenship
Hostile to optimates
How do we know about Cicero
Atticus - publishes Cicero’s work, may have had it changed to put Cicero in a positive light
Plutarch - 150 years after Cicero’s death, parallel lives, Cicero and Demsothenes, Caesar and Augustus
Atticus
Childhood friends
Epicurean- stays out of politics so he is not biased and is 100% honest
Quintus marries Atticus sister ( pomponia)
Cicero’s letter to Atticus ( positives)
A wide range of topics discussed
Childhood friends
Business man
Epicurean
Cicero’s letters to Atticus criticisms
Personal relationship so could have edited letter to out in positive light
Published after Cicero’s death
Positives of using Plutarch as a source
Has large coverage
Facts
Criticisms of using Plutarch as a source
Things been tampered with by other writers
Exaggerates to seem better
Adds points to contradict himself
Moralist
Why is Cicero not popular
Equites
Nous homo - first in his family in the senate
Belief in Concordia ordininum - harmony if the orders, belief senate and equites should work together
Therefore he is politically isolated
What political class was Sulla
Optimates
Sulla’s proscriptions
List of populares to be executed
Jury duty
Used to be equites now on,y senate
Senate abuse this power
Sulla’s reforms
Increase number in senate - to 600
Remove censors
Lex villia annalis - reelection only after 10 years, minimum age limit of cursus Honorum
Muzzling of tribunes - tribunes find hard to get job after
Quaestio reform - fro 2 to 7 crimes, jury duty to senate
Who were Sulla’s lieutenants?
Pompey
Crassus
Caitline
Chrysogonus
What started the trial of roscius?
Chrysogonus wants the land of the wealthy farmer, roscius dad, on the cheap and so chrysogonus kills him. Chrysogonus then blames roscius of committing patricide.
Key points of trial of roscius
Three-tier attack Cicero defended Roscius and attempted to prove his innocence, Cicero then named others who would have benefitted, Cicero then named Chrysagonus There was no evidence There was no motive The whole thing is baseless accusations
Implications of the Trial of Roscius
Critisizes Chrysagonus so he indirectly critisizes Sulla
Risks his life- nobody knows him so was risky- Sulla could have him killed
Courageous move for acero- naming Chrysogonus
Critisizes proscryotions so is indirectly critisizing Sulla
Successes for acero in the Trial of Roscius
Escapes with his life
Became the most successful lawyer in Rome
Became rick quick
Met Atticus and he introduced acero to significant Athenians
Ciero brought a rapid succession of cases to courts
Courageous:only lawyer to defend him
Defeats Sulla and escapes with his case
Breakthrough case
Defeats Erucius
Establishes reputation
Verres crimes
- The wheat-growers and revenue collectors were ruined by extortionate demands or cancelled contracts
- Temples and private houses were robbed of their works of art
- The rights of roman citizens were disregarded
- Roman citizens were tortured and put to death like slaves
- Criminals would bribe their way out whilst honest men would be prosecuted
- Took inheritance
- Neglects Roman navy and Roman ports
- Offended the Gods
How does Verres attempt to manipulate the Roman justice system?
- Trying to get the trial postponed until 69BCE, when friend would be judge
- ‘Bought’ the jury (bribe them)
- Promise to give year 2 and 3 of his money when he was governor to the judges (learn quote)
- Lavish use of bribery and boasting
- Arranges another governors trail first “I am consul, 1 brother gov of Sicily, the other will be president of court”
Why did Cicero take on the case in the Trial of Verres
- He hated dishonest administration (bad governors= bad for Rome)
- He wanted to show that the equites should be part of the judicial process
- Great opportunity for acero to beat the most distinguished orator (quinus Hortensius) who was defending Verrus
- Standing up for the Sicilians
What tactics does Hortensius use in the Trail or Verres
- Try to sideline Verres prosecution by hoping to get a prosecution of a former governor of Bithynia to take place first (failed)
- Try to delay unit after public holidays so a new and more friendly judge would be appointed
What was the political result of Verres conviction?
- The senate lost its total control of the courts- the Aurelian law and was forced to share its duties with the equites
- Verres went into exile
- Cicero had achieved a massive boast to his political prestige and social standing
What did Cicero do wrong in the trial of Verres
Cicero starts to attack Verres for his whole life of which he should only prosecute for the crime he in in court for. This includes his time as a quaestor and a praetor.
He uses his opening speech for his prosecution to try to speed up the trial
Use of hyperbole ( exaggeration)
Dangers that faced Cicero
Nous homo Skilled in oratory rather than military leadership Verres had connections Jury was made up of entirely the Senate He was picked by Sicilians He was going for the aedile election
What was Cicero seen as after the Trial if Verres?
A just politician ( a politician do principle ) who disliked dishonest men and who agreed with the senate as long as it was fair
Against Verres
Collection of evidence
Speedy and thorough (50 days)
In Sicily
Description of the opposition to Cicero and how he responds during the Trail of Verres
Cicero emphasises personal danger
Exaggerates dangers to praetor, senate, whole if the roman people and the whole world
Threat by Metellus - “ I am consul, one brother is governor of Sicily, the other will be president of the court…Cicero will come to no harm “
Cicero attacks defence for trying to delay the trial, for attempting to have a false prosecutor, attempt to out another trial before Verres’ so that Verres’ trial was in the following year so that a friend would be president of the court.
The way Cicero portrays Verres behaviour
Attacks Verres’ public boasting that he would secure acquittal through bribery
His behaviour was so disgraceful that the senate would be inevitable disgraced and lose control of the courts
Attacks him for using Sicilian money to block Cicero’s election to Aedile
Cicero claimed that Verres said “ first year profit from Sicily for him, second years for defence, third years for judges”
The way that Cicero presents the Verres case
Immediately without 40 day recess for Pompey’ games, while Rome was crowded for the elections, games and census. This was to gain maximum publicity and avoid loss of momentum
Cicero called witnesses at once to avoid a lengthy trial.
Do you agree with Cicero that the political situation in 70BCE at the time of Verres’ trial was a dangerous crisis?
Sulla’s strengthening of the senate under the threat - Pompey and Crassus consuls 70 BCE restored tribunes power and revived censorship ; in particular Sulla’s awarding courts exclusively to the senate increasingly discrediting because of corruption.
Proposed lex Aurelian - senate to share courts with equites . Passions were certainly running high and Cicero genuinely believed integrity of the courts essential for the long term stability of the republican government
Cicero’s presentation of the case was a ploy to present himself as a defender of the senate awhile securing the conviction of one of their numbers
Cicero’s graphic description if Verres highlighted the corruption if the senate in a highly memorable way - this would have done little to reduce the tension
Verres actions not in principle contrary to normal roman practice
How does Cicero describe Verres
A degrade lunatic
What was the lex Gabinia ?
67 BCE
Command was against the pirates - threatening romes grain supply
Pirates Became more of a problem due to Verres’ mismanagement of Sicily - neglecting ports
No mention of a speech by Cicero
Pompey defeated the pirates in 3 months ( when he had been given 3 years ) and this increased his political prestige. The grain prices also returned to normal which increased Pompey’s pleb support
What was the Lex Manilia?
66 BCE
Against Mithridates in the East - Mithridates had taken over large parts of the East and had massacred over 80000 equites and their families.
The east was crucial to Rome for its trade routes and tax revenues
Pompey replaced Lucullus
Cicero made the speech Pro Lege Manilia which shows Cicero to be very opportunistic as in the space of a year Cicero had become a very strong supporter of Pompey
What did Pompey need from Cicero
He needed a clever and a brave politician to protect him from political attacks by his rivals ( Crassus ) while he was absent in the East.
What did Cicero need from Pompey
He needed a mainstream support in the order to become a consul
What did Pompey agree to do for Cicero
Use his influence in and outside the senate to get supporters to back Cicero
What did Cicero agree to help Pompey with
Promised to defend Pompey from any political attacks made against him by his rivals
What did people fear when Pompey returned from the east?
Pompey becoming another Sulla
What attacks were made against Pompey whilst he was away?
The first catilinarian conspiracy ( don’t need to know this)
The Rullan Bill
The Trial of Rabirius
Pro Rege Alexandrino
What was the Rullan Bill?
That new conquered land would be given to citizens - land commissions
Romes economy would be boosted- due to more taxes and more trade
Who was behind the Rullan Bill?
A tribune called Rullus
Ultimately Crassus and Caesar as they promoted this idea
Who did the Rullan bill target?
Pompey because he had promised the land to his veterans
This would affects Pompey’s prestige
Also would affect loyalty with his army
What was the effectiveness of the Rullan Bill?
Cicero’s speech, Against Rullus
This was successful
Cicero had defended Pompey
What was the Trial of Rabirius?
Caesar undermining an SCU passed
This would make Pompey’s laws illegal and so he would be prosecuted when he returns from the East
Who was behind the trial of Rabirius?
Caesar and Crassus
Who did the Trial of Rabirius target?
Pompey because when he returns he would be prosecuted
How effective was the Trial of Rabirius?
Cicero’s speech, Pro Rabirio
Cicero has protected Pompey
What was Pro Lege Alexandrino ?
Crassus wants Egypt added to Rome ( Crassus wants to be governor )
This would make Crassus wealthier as he would be in charge of a powerful province
Who was behind Pro Rege Alexandrino
Crassus
Who did Pro Rege Alexandrino target?
Pompey as it would make Crassus more powerful
Why did Catiline return to Rome after his praetorship in Africa?
To stand for consulship
How effective was the Pro Rege Alexandrino?
Cicero makes a speech Pro Rege Alexandrino which is successful
What did Catiline propose in order to get elected as consul?
What was did this mean?
Tabulae Novae
‘Blank sheet ‘
Cancellation of debts
Who was Catiline?
Patrician
His family was in debt
Loyal to Crassus
He was willing to do anything to become a consul and restore his family’s reputation
During the Catilinarian conspiracy period, what was happening to the people?
Most of society was in debt
Unemployment was rising
Mass ownership of slaves
Rome was no longer able to feed herself
Did Catiline pose as a threat?
No
Who were Catiline’s supporters?
Only need to know 2-3
‘Large debts but even larger property’
‘Men who are heavily in debt but expect to come into power’
‘Cowards’
‘People who have murdered parents and assassins in general’
‘Sullan Homines’
‘The inner core’
When was Catilinarian conspiracy?
63 BCE
Key events of the Catilinarian conspiracy
Look at page 56
What is Cicero hailed as at the end of the Catilinarian conspiracy?
Pater Patriae
Cicero’s action to the Catilinarian conspiracy - was it brave? Was it wise?
Persuades the senate to pass an S.C.U despite having no proof
Brave - he has no proof so brave of him to try
Not wise - he has no proof
Cicero’s action to the Catilinarian conspiracy - was it brave? Was it wise?
Protects himself against assassination
Not brave - porting himself…coward?
Wise - making people think that he is in danger from Catiline
Cicero’s action to the Catilinarian conspiracy - was it brave? Was it wise?
Denounces Catiline
Brave - he is a patrician
Wise - in short term it increases his prestige
Cicero’s action to the Catilinarian conspiracy - was it brave? Was it wise?
Persuades senate to declare Catiline a public enemy
Brave - he is a patrician and trying to persuade senate without evidence
Wise - adds to prestige
Cicero’s action to the Catilinarian conspiracy - was it brave? Was it wise?
Persuades Gallic tribesmen to gain documents
Brave - might not work and Gallic may betray them
Not brave - sneaky way to get proof
Wise - not doing it himself so not getting any blame but it is a clever way to get proof
Cicero’s action to the Catilinarian conspiracy - was it brave? Was it wise?
Executes plotters without trial
Brave - people can bring this against Cicero
Not wise - against law and a S.C.U has been passed against Catiline and head leader but not against the other plotters
Cicero’s action to the Catilinarian conspiracy - was it brave? Was it wise?
Arranged for consular colleague ( Antonius ) to attack Catiline
Not brave - he gets everyone else to do it
Wise - Cicero gets victory if Antonius wins and if Antonius loses its Antonius’ fault
Cicero’s action to the Catilinarian conspiracy - was it brave? Was it wise?
Took all responsibility for defeating Catiline
Brave - this can fall badly on him
Wise - short term - Pater Patriae
Not wise - long term - factor involved in his exile
What is Pater Patriae?
Father of his country
Granted by his senate
Sows that he has been accepted by the senate and the optimates
What did Pompey want from the senate when he returned from the east?
Land for his veterans
Ratify settlement of the east
Why does Pompey not get any attention when he returns from the east?
Clodius is at his trial for ultimate wrongdoing at the Bona Dea scandal
Who stops Pompey getting his requests when he returns from the east?
Cato
What were the fears of the senate for when Pompey arrived?
Pompey becoming another Sulla
Pompey marching on Rome
Pompey stirring up trouble in Rome
Proscriptions
When Pompey returned, what did he do to reassure the senate that he would not do anything that would disturb Rome
He declared his peaceful intentions - preservations of otium (stability and peaceful intentions)
Disbanded army
Writes an open letter for otium - so all can understand