Classical Civilisations Flashcards
What is oligarchy?
Ruled by a group of people but not all people
How was power divided?
Patricians who were the oldest and most powerful. 3% of Rome
Plebeians who were the common body
When was the Roman republic
509 BCE - 31 BCE
Greatest crime?
To be a king
Why roman politicians were patricians?
Politicians did not get paid so patricians had to do it
Cursus Honorum
Political ladder
Who were consuls?
X2
Commanded the army, handled national foreign exchange, possessed imperium
Praetors
X 6
Imperium, deputy to governors
Aediles
X 8
4 each year, public admin, water and corn supply, public games
Queastors
X 16
Finance
Senate
Usually 300 but could increase in number
Tribune
X 10
Representing plebs, has veto,
Equites
Traders or merchants
Get rich to gain power
Optimates
Limit power of tribune Extend power to senate Opposed novi homines Prevent generals Senate in charge (oligarch)
Populares
Uses tribunes to gain power
Expand citizenship
Hostile to optimates
How do we know about Cicero
Atticus - publishes Cicero’s work, may have had it changed to put Cicero in a positive light
Plutarch - 150 years after Cicero’s death, parallel lives, Cicero and Demsothenes, Caesar and Augustus
Atticus
Childhood friends
Epicurean- stays out of politics so he is not biased and is 100% honest
Quintus marries Atticus sister ( pomponia)
Cicero’s letter to Atticus ( positives)
A wide range of topics discussed
Childhood friends
Business man
Epicurean
Cicero’s letters to Atticus criticisms
Personal relationship so could have edited letter to out in positive light
Published after Cicero’s death
Positives of using Plutarch as a source
Has large coverage
Facts
Criticisms of using Plutarch as a source
Things been tampered with by other writers
Exaggerates to seem better
Adds points to contradict himself
Moralist
Why is Cicero not popular
Equites
Nous homo - first in his family in the senate
Belief in Concordia ordininum - harmony if the orders, belief senate and equites should work together
Therefore he is politically isolated
What political class was Sulla
Optimates
Sulla’s proscriptions
List of populares to be executed
Jury duty
Used to be equites now on,y senate
Senate abuse this power
Sulla’s reforms
Increase number in senate - to 600
Remove censors
Lex villia annalis - reelection only after 10 years, minimum age limit of cursus Honorum
Muzzling of tribunes - tribunes find hard to get job after
Quaestio reform - fro 2 to 7 crimes, jury duty to senate
Who were Sulla’s lieutenants?
Pompey
Crassus
Caitline
Chrysogonus
What started the trial of roscius?
Chrysogonus wants the land of the wealthy farmer, roscius dad, on the cheap and so chrysogonus kills him. Chrysogonus then blames roscius of committing patricide.
Key points of trial of roscius
Three-tier attack Cicero defended Roscius and attempted to prove his innocence, Cicero then named others who would have benefitted, Cicero then named Chrysagonus There was no evidence There was no motive The whole thing is baseless accusations
Implications of the Trial of Roscius
Critisizes Chrysagonus so he indirectly critisizes Sulla
Risks his life- nobody knows him so was risky- Sulla could have him killed
Courageous move for acero- naming Chrysogonus
Critisizes proscryotions so is indirectly critisizing Sulla
Successes for acero in the Trial of Roscius
Escapes with his life
Became the most successful lawyer in Rome
Became rick quick
Met Atticus and he introduced acero to significant Athenians
Ciero brought a rapid succession of cases to courts
Courageous:only lawyer to defend him
Defeats Sulla and escapes with his case
Breakthrough case
Defeats Erucius
Establishes reputation
Verres crimes
- The wheat-growers and revenue collectors were ruined by extortionate demands or cancelled contracts
- Temples and private houses were robbed of their works of art
- The rights of roman citizens were disregarded
- Roman citizens were tortured and put to death like slaves
- Criminals would bribe their way out whilst honest men would be prosecuted
- Took inheritance
- Neglects Roman navy and Roman ports
- Offended the Gods
How does Verres attempt to manipulate the Roman justice system?
- Trying to get the trial postponed until 69BCE, when friend would be judge
- ‘Bought’ the jury (bribe them)
- Promise to give year 2 and 3 of his money when he was governor to the judges (learn quote)
- Lavish use of bribery and boasting
- Arranges another governors trail first “I am consul, 1 brother gov of Sicily, the other will be president of court”
Why did Cicero take on the case in the Trial of Verres
- He hated dishonest administration (bad governors= bad for Rome)
- He wanted to show that the equites should be part of the judicial process
- Great opportunity for acero to beat the most distinguished orator (quinus Hortensius) who was defending Verrus
- Standing up for the Sicilians
What tactics does Hortensius use in the Trail or Verres
- Try to sideline Verres prosecution by hoping to get a prosecution of a former governor of Bithynia to take place first (failed)
- Try to delay unit after public holidays so a new and more friendly judge would be appointed
What was the political result of Verres conviction?
- The senate lost its total control of the courts- the Aurelian law and was forced to share its duties with the equites
- Verres went into exile
- Cicero had achieved a massive boast to his political prestige and social standing
What did Cicero do wrong in the trial of Verres
Cicero starts to attack Verres for his whole life of which he should only prosecute for the crime he in in court for. This includes his time as a quaestor and a praetor.
He uses his opening speech for his prosecution to try to speed up the trial
Use of hyperbole ( exaggeration)
Dangers that faced Cicero
Nous homo Skilled in oratory rather than military leadership Verres had connections Jury was made up of entirely the Senate He was picked by Sicilians He was going for the aedile election
What was Cicero seen as after the Trial if Verres?
A just politician ( a politician do principle ) who disliked dishonest men and who agreed with the senate as long as it was fair
Against Verres
Collection of evidence
Speedy and thorough (50 days)
In Sicily
Description of the opposition to Cicero and how he responds during the Trail of Verres
Cicero emphasises personal danger
Exaggerates dangers to praetor, senate, whole if the roman people and the whole world
Threat by Metellus - “ I am consul, one brother is governor of Sicily, the other will be president of the court…Cicero will come to no harm “
Cicero attacks defence for trying to delay the trial, for attempting to have a false prosecutor, attempt to out another trial before Verres’ so that Verres’ trial was in the following year so that a friend would be president of the court.
The way Cicero portrays Verres behaviour
Attacks Verres’ public boasting that he would secure acquittal through bribery
His behaviour was so disgraceful that the senate would be inevitable disgraced and lose control of the courts
Attacks him for using Sicilian money to block Cicero’s election to Aedile
Cicero claimed that Verres said “ first year profit from Sicily for him, second years for defence, third years for judges”
The way that Cicero presents the Verres case
Immediately without 40 day recess for Pompey’ games, while Rome was crowded for the elections, games and census. This was to gain maximum publicity and avoid loss of momentum
Cicero called witnesses at once to avoid a lengthy trial.
Do you agree with Cicero that the political situation in 70BCE at the time of Verres’ trial was a dangerous crisis?
Sulla’s strengthening of the senate under the threat - Pompey and Crassus consuls 70 BCE restored tribunes power and revived censorship ; in particular Sulla’s awarding courts exclusively to the senate increasingly discrediting because of corruption.
Proposed lex Aurelian - senate to share courts with equites . Passions were certainly running high and Cicero genuinely believed integrity of the courts essential for the long term stability of the republican government
Cicero’s presentation of the case was a ploy to present himself as a defender of the senate awhile securing the conviction of one of their numbers
Cicero’s graphic description if Verres highlighted the corruption if the senate in a highly memorable way - this would have done little to reduce the tension
Verres actions not in principle contrary to normal roman practice
How does Cicero describe Verres
A degrade lunatic
What was the lex Gabinia ?
67 BCE
Command was against the pirates - threatening romes grain supply
Pirates Became more of a problem due to Verres’ mismanagement of Sicily - neglecting ports
No mention of a speech by Cicero
Pompey defeated the pirates in 3 months ( when he had been given 3 years ) and this increased his political prestige. The grain prices also returned to normal which increased Pompey’s pleb support
What was the Lex Manilia?
66 BCE
Against Mithridates in the East - Mithridates had taken over large parts of the East and had massacred over 80000 equites and their families.
The east was crucial to Rome for its trade routes and tax revenues
Pompey replaced Lucullus
Cicero made the speech Pro Lege Manilia which shows Cicero to be very opportunistic as in the space of a year Cicero had become a very strong supporter of Pompey
What did Pompey need from Cicero
He needed a clever and a brave politician to protect him from political attacks by his rivals ( Crassus ) while he was absent in the East.
What did Cicero need from Pompey
He needed a mainstream support in the order to become a consul
What did Pompey agree to do for Cicero
Use his influence in and outside the senate to get supporters to back Cicero
What did Cicero agree to help Pompey with
Promised to defend Pompey from any political attacks made against him by his rivals
What did people fear when Pompey returned from the east?
Pompey becoming another Sulla
What attacks were made against Pompey whilst he was away?
The first catilinarian conspiracy ( don’t need to know this)
The Rullan Bill
The Trial of Rabirius
Pro Rege Alexandrino
What was the Rullan Bill?
That new conquered land would be given to citizens - land commissions
Romes economy would be boosted- due to more taxes and more trade
Who was behind the Rullan Bill?
A tribune called Rullus
Ultimately Crassus and Caesar as they promoted this idea
Who did the Rullan bill target?
Pompey because he had promised the land to his veterans
This would affects Pompey’s prestige
Also would affect loyalty with his army
What was the effectiveness of the Rullan Bill?
Cicero’s speech, Against Rullus
This was successful
Cicero had defended Pompey
What was the Trial of Rabirius?
Caesar undermining an SCU passed
This would make Pompey’s laws illegal and so he would be prosecuted when he returns from the East
Who was behind the trial of Rabirius?
Caesar and Crassus
Who did the Trial of Rabirius target?
Pompey because when he returns he would be prosecuted
How effective was the Trial of Rabirius?
Cicero’s speech, Pro Rabirio
Cicero has protected Pompey
What was Pro Lege Alexandrino ?
Crassus wants Egypt added to Rome ( Crassus wants to be governor )
This would make Crassus wealthier as he would be in charge of a powerful province
Who was behind Pro Rege Alexandrino
Crassus
Who did Pro Rege Alexandrino target?
Pompey as it would make Crassus more powerful
Why did Catiline return to Rome after his praetorship in Africa?
To stand for consulship
How effective was the Pro Rege Alexandrino?
Cicero makes a speech Pro Rege Alexandrino which is successful
What did Catiline propose in order to get elected as consul?
What was did this mean?
Tabulae Novae
‘Blank sheet ‘
Cancellation of debts
Who was Catiline?
Patrician
His family was in debt
Loyal to Crassus
He was willing to do anything to become a consul and restore his family’s reputation
During the Catilinarian conspiracy period, what was happening to the people?
Most of society was in debt
Unemployment was rising
Mass ownership of slaves
Rome was no longer able to feed herself
Did Catiline pose as a threat?
No
Who were Catiline’s supporters?
Only need to know 2-3
‘Large debts but even larger property’
‘Men who are heavily in debt but expect to come into power’
‘Cowards’
‘People who have murdered parents and assassins in general’
‘Sullan Homines’
‘The inner core’
When was Catilinarian conspiracy?
63 BCE
Key events of the Catilinarian conspiracy
Look at page 56
What is Cicero hailed as at the end of the Catilinarian conspiracy?
Pater Patriae
Cicero’s action to the Catilinarian conspiracy - was it brave? Was it wise?
Persuades the senate to pass an S.C.U despite having no proof
Brave - he has no proof so brave of him to try
Not wise - he has no proof
Cicero’s action to the Catilinarian conspiracy - was it brave? Was it wise?
Protects himself against assassination
Not brave - porting himself…coward?
Wise - making people think that he is in danger from Catiline
Cicero’s action to the Catilinarian conspiracy - was it brave? Was it wise?
Denounces Catiline
Brave - he is a patrician
Wise - in short term it increases his prestige
Cicero’s action to the Catilinarian conspiracy - was it brave? Was it wise?
Persuades senate to declare Catiline a public enemy
Brave - he is a patrician and trying to persuade senate without evidence
Wise - adds to prestige
Cicero’s action to the Catilinarian conspiracy - was it brave? Was it wise?
Persuades Gallic tribesmen to gain documents
Brave - might not work and Gallic may betray them
Not brave - sneaky way to get proof
Wise - not doing it himself so not getting any blame but it is a clever way to get proof
Cicero’s action to the Catilinarian conspiracy - was it brave? Was it wise?
Executes plotters without trial
Brave - people can bring this against Cicero
Not wise - against law and a S.C.U has been passed against Catiline and head leader but not against the other plotters
Cicero’s action to the Catilinarian conspiracy - was it brave? Was it wise?
Arranged for consular colleague ( Antonius ) to attack Catiline
Not brave - he gets everyone else to do it
Wise - Cicero gets victory if Antonius wins and if Antonius loses its Antonius’ fault
Cicero’s action to the Catilinarian conspiracy - was it brave? Was it wise?
Took all responsibility for defeating Catiline
Brave - this can fall badly on him
Wise - short term - Pater Patriae
Not wise - long term - factor involved in his exile
What is Pater Patriae?
Father of his country
Granted by his senate
Sows that he has been accepted by the senate and the optimates
What did Pompey want from the senate when he returned from the east?
Land for his veterans
Ratify settlement of the east
Why does Pompey not get any attention when he returns from the east?
Clodius is at his trial for ultimate wrongdoing at the Bona Dea scandal
Who stops Pompey getting his requests when he returns from the east?
Cato
What were the fears of the senate for when Pompey arrived?
Pompey becoming another Sulla
Pompey marching on Rome
Pompey stirring up trouble in Rome
Proscriptions
When Pompey returned, what did he do to reassure the senate that he would not do anything that would disturb Rome
He declared his peaceful intentions - preservations of otium (stability and peaceful intentions)
Disbanded army
Writes an open letter for otium - so all can understand
Cicero’s letter to Pompey in summer 62 BCE in aftermath of the Catilinarian conspiracy
What had Pompey done to everybody’s surprise on his return to Rome? What was Rome fearing?
Pompey disbanded his army to everybody’s surprise and wrote a public open letter that was about otium and the preservation of peace.
Senate fearing Pompey would come back as another Sulla, stir up trouble, bring back Sulla’s reforms
Cicero’s letter to Pompey in summer 62 BCE in aftermath of the Catilinarian conspiracy
What ‘unremitting efforts on your behalf’ is Cicero talking about ?
The Pro Rege Alexandrino
Trial of Rabirius
Rullan Bill
Lex Manilia
Cicero’s letter to Pompey in summer 62 BCE in aftermath of the Catilinarian conspiracy
How does Cicero again attempts to promote his Concordia Ordinum
He wants Pompey as the champion of Concordia Ordinum
Cicero’s letter to Pompey in summer 62 BCE in aftermath of the Catilinarian conspiracy
Why is Cicero unhappy
Pompey has not praised Cicero for his efforts whilst he was away for the Catilinarian conspiracy
Cicero’s letter to Pompey in summer 62 BCE in aftermath of the Catilinarian conspiracy
How does he say people view his achievements?
He was universally favourable and brave
What was the Bona Dea scandal?
What happened?
What were the reactions of Romans?
Conducting a secret rite to Bona Dea in the Pontifex Maximus (Caesars) house
One guest was unknown and he talked in in a mans voice which exposed him
Women stopped proceedings and and covered sacred things up
Caesar divorced his wife as there was a rumour of an affair between Caesars wife and Clodius
In the Bona Dea trial what happened? What were the key impacts?
Cicero did not help Clodius even though Clodius supported Cicero during the Catilinarian conspiracy
Clodius was acquitted through bribery
Cicero and Clodius are powerful enermies
Cicero letter to his wife Terentia when he was exiled. What did he say?
“It’s all my fault”
“No need to despair” Triumvirs will break up…
Cicero is concerned about Terentia selling the flats as this would ruin Marcus’ chance of education
What was Cicero in charge of in his quaestorship
Extortion courts
What allowed Cicero to not be a novus homo?
Quaestor
What was Cicero’s praetorship like?
He was a good praetor
Who was in the first Triumvirate?
Pompey
Crassus
Caesar
Why did the first Triumvirate join?
Caesar could get what Pompey and Crassus wanted when he was consul
What did Pompey want as to why he joined the first Triumvirate?
Land for veterans
Ratify settlements of the east
What did Crassus want as to why he joined the first Triumvirate?
Equites rebate
What did Caesar want form the first Triumvirate?
Support for the consulship in 59 BCE
What did Plutarch say about the first Triumvirate?
Caesar was “protected by the friendship of Crassus and Pompey”
Pompey would marry Julia so that Caesar would have “more of the influence of Pompey”
Pompey “filled the forum with the armed men”
Caesar laws as consul in 59 BCE. Who benefited in the lex Agraria? Why?
Pompey
Land was secured for veterans
Settled in campania Italy
Increased Pompey’s prestige
Caesar laws as consul in 59 BCE. Who benefited in the lex de Publicanis? Why?
Crassus
Gave the equites a tax rebate
Support of the equites
Caesar laws as consul in 59 BCE. Who benefited in the lex Curiata? Why?
Caesar, Crassus and maybe Pompey
To remove Cicero who is a powerful enemy
Who passed the lex Curiata? What is it?
Clodius as a tribune
Exiles all politicians who had ever put to death a roman citizen without trial - Catilinarian conspiracy - gets back at Cicero
Caesar laws as consul in 59 BCE. Who benefited in the lex campana? Why?
Pompey
Support and prestige
Makes sure veterans have land
Ratifies settlement of the east
Caesar laws as consul in 59 BCE. Who benefited in the lex Vatinia de imperio? Why?
Caesar
Gallic wars
Control over Cisalpine and Transalpine Gaul for five years
If he could conquer Gaul he would gain massive prestige, popularity and wealth
Caesar laws as consul in 59 BCE. Who benefited when Caesar codified procedure and punishment for extortion? Why?
Caesar
Caesar goes to Gaul to gain wealth
Rewrote laws on extortion
Prevents going to trial for extortion
Caesar laws as consul in 59 BCE. Who benefited when Caesar does a compulsory order for senate to publish its business? Why?
Caesar
Allows Caesar to monitor senate whist he is away
Don’t want to infuriate plebs
Why does Cicero refuse to join the Triumvirate?
Goes against Concordia Ordinum
The Triumvirate was hijacking the republic
What lead to Cicero’s exile?
Ammunition ( executes conspirators without trial ) \+ Enemy ( humiliates Clodius during the Bona Dea trial ) \+ Opportunity ( opposition to Triumvirs ( Clodius - tribune) ) = Exile
Cicero’s letter to Atticus in 59 BCE about the opposition to the Triumvirs
What is Cicero clearly irritated about throughout this letter?
The first Triumvirate
How no one is standing up to them ( think this is the letter where he say that Curio is the only one publicly standing up to them )
How the three of them are “taking over”
Hijacking the republic - for personal gain
Opposite of Concordia Ordinum
Cicero’s letter to Atticus in 59 BCE about the opposition to the Triumvirs
What damning prediction does Cicero make?
“There can be no hope of either private individual or even state officials being free for much longer” freedom is going to disappear
Cicero’s letter to Atticus in 59 BCE about the opposition to the Triumvirs
What is the Campania law and why is Cicero hostile towards it?
Provide law for Pompey’s veterans passed by Caesar and Clodius proposed it
Cicero’s letter to Atticus in 59 BCE about the opposition to the Triumvirs
What does Caesar propose
That Cicero should join the first Triumvirate
Send cico on a mission
To join Caesars staff
Tensions among the Triumvirs
What does Pompey do to get back at Crassus?
Increased his political power by securing the Cura annonae (corn supply and supervision to the plebs)
Recalls Cicero one year after exile
Tensions among the Triumvirs
What does Crassus do to get back at Pompey?
Clodius exiles Cicero which removed a powerful enemy
Organised gang warfare from Clodius ( backing from Crassus)
Stops Pompey from helping Ptolemy to the throne in Egypt
Tensions among the Triumvirs
What does Pompey do to get back at Caesar?
Supplicato - illegal warfare - prosecutes Caesar
What was the conference at Ravenna / Luca 56 BCE
Caesar cannot leave his province therefore Pompey and Crassus go to him
Pompey and Crassus become consuls
Caesars get extension of command in Gaul
Pompey gets Spain as a province and he gets to govern it in absentia for five years
Crassus gets Syria as a province for five years and he wants to invade Parthia
In 54 BCE what happened that contributed to the break up of the Triumvirate
Julia died
Crassus died in Carrhae
When Cicero is recalled what does he begin by doing?
He delivered speeches against their allies and planned to attack Caesars legislation as consul
What is Cicero surprised by when he is recalled?
The conference at Ravenna and Luca
What does Cicero do in response to the conference at Ravenna?
Sings his palinode
What is the first speech Cicero makes when he is singing his palinode? What happened?
Pro Balbo
Cicero defends Balbus who is a friend of the Triumvirs
Cicero’s opportunity to praise Triumvirs
Pompey - “the valour of Cnaeus Pomponius in war, but also his conscientiousness in peace!”
Crassus - “a man born to a most singular gift of oratory”
Caesar - “great distinction with which Caius Caesar … How he put an end to their disputes…
Letter to Atticus from Cicero in 56 BCE about Triumvirs
How does Cicero describe the behaviour of the optimates?
Cicero calls the optimates “treacherous leaders” and says that they have no loyalty
Letter to Atticus from Cicero in 56 BCE about Triumvirs
“Since the powerless do not want to be me friends, I must make sure the powerful are! I have been an utter fool” what does this means?
The powerless are the optimates and the powerful are the Triumvirs. It is saying that if Cicero had gone with the Triumvirs in the beginning he would not have been exiled - Atticus suggested Cicero join them.
Cicero is hostile to optimates as they did not help him to stop his exile or ring him back
Defence of Vatinius
History with Cicero prior
Witness against Cicero’s friend
Defence of Vatinius
Why does Cicero defend them now?
Didn’t want to offend the Triumvirs
Wanted protection from Clodius
Defence of Vatinius
Outcome
Acquitted
Defence of Gabinius
History with Cicero prior
Consul when Cicero was exiled but ignored Cicero when he asked for help
Defence of Gabinius
Why defend him?
Friend of Pompey
Defence of Gabinius
Outcome
Exile and property confiscated
What is the key impacts on the defeat of Carrhae!
Weakened the triumvirate
Crassus dead
Pompey sole consul (optimates)
Who was the gang warfare against?
Milo (Pompey)
Vs
Clodius (Caesar and Crassus ( before death) )
What did Milo do? What happened?
Recalled Cicero to help Pompey against Crassus
Candidate for consulship in 52 BCE
Prosecuted for Clodius’ murder
What did Clodius do? What happened a.
Candidate for the praetorship in 52 BCE
Exiled Cicero
Use if violence ans the plebs as the basis for power and gang
Killed in tavern in Appian Way
What happened after Clodius dies?
Cicero makes a speech - pro Milone - did not go well, as a result Milo is exiled ( as Cicero is intimidated by Clodius’ supporters )
Pompey is elected as sole consul to deal with the chaos after Clodius’ death
Pompey begins to be seduced by the optimates and starts to make attacks against Caesar in Gaul
Gang warfare drives a wedge between Caesar and Pompey
What are the factors leading to the break up of the triumvirate
Caesars popularity and success \+ Gang warfare \+ Death of Crassus \+ Death of Julia = Break up of triumvirate
What law did Pompey pass in 52 BCE to get back at Caesar
Lex provincia
Five year gap between consul and governor
Combat bribery and loans and extortion
Where does Cicero have to govern?
Cilicia
What are Cicero’s achievements when he is governor?
Helps to stop Parthian threat
Attacks Pindenisum - hailed as imperator
Helps Cilicia recover from previous governor - Appius
Helps protect client king from assassination
Stops extortion of Scaptius - 48% on loans has to out it down to 12%
Provide famine relief
Fair judge
When was Cicero governor?
51 BCE
When Cicero is in Cilicia
Letter to Atticus
How does Cicero describe his governorship?
“I am absolutely thrilled with myself”
When Cicero’s writes to Atticus how does he claim to have helped Cassius defeat the Parthians?
His arrival caused panic which encouraged Cassius to fight - he had a psychological effect on him
“Fresh heart into Cassius”
Letter to Atticus
How dos Cicero describe the Free Cilicians at Pindenissum? What title is Cicero given?
“Wild men and fierce fighters”
Imperator
Letter to Atticus
How does Cicero describe the provincials and what Appius has done to them?
“Oppressed and almost ruined province”
Cannot afford to pay tax
“Sick of life”
Letter to Atticus
How is Cicero behaving to ensure a positive response from provincials? Where is Appius?
Cicero is not expecting or taking anything that he could e.g. Firewood and shelter
Justice
Self control
Mercifulness
Appius is rushed off to Tarsus ( furthest corner of the province )
Letter to Appius
What is Cicero worried about?
Shortage of troops - don’t know where they are - not available for Cicero
Appius has gone with 3 cohurts - 1800 men
Cicero’s letter to Atticus
What does Cicero of to help his successor in Cilicia?
Cicero leaves money from the “expense budget decreed to me”
Leaves with full treasury
Leaves his quaestor in charge
For more on governorship of Appius and Cicero
Look at page 22
Letter to Caelius
Why does Cicero hate being governor?
Bores him
“Unworthy of my capacities”
Menaced by the horror of major war
He has already done “great things” and has no “ambition” to add to it
Doesn’t want to be away from Rome - want to mediate between Pompey and Caesar to prevent civil war
Letter to Caelius
Why does Caelius want panthers?
Caelius wants an Aedileship and so want panthers for his games
Letter to Caelius
How does Cicero compliment Caelius?
Cicero says that anything e.g. Political information , that he receives from Caelius he will “regard as more reliable that anything else”
What does Casus belli mean?
Cause of war
Cicero’s letter from Pompey 49 BCE
Aim?
Flattery?
Threats?
Persuade Cicero to join Pompey To Cicero, general "Courage of old in the national interests" - Catilinarian conspiracy Pompey want them to work together No
Cicero letter to Caesar 49 BCE
Aim?
Flattery?
Threats?
Expressing his thoughts on his aims “protect out friend Pompey and reconcile him to yourself and the state”
“Aimed at was peace … Harmony among Romans “
To Cicero, general
“Outstanding and admirable statesmanship”
“I who am a friend of peace and of you both”
No
Caesars letter to Cicero 49 BCE
Aim?
Flattery?
Threats?
“Take no rash or ill judged actions”
No
“Seriously damaged the good relations between ourselves”
“Display resistance”
“Acting against your own interest”
“More appropriate of a man of peace…keep out of civil disturbances”
Short term causes of the civil war (7)
Only need a couple though
Increase political polarisation between the Populares and the Optimates during the late republic. The two sides become more and more extreme.
Collapse of the first triumvirate with the death of Julia and the death of Crassus
Aggressive Optimates faction, led by Cato, increasingly worried about Caesars rise in political and military prestige
Pompey drawn to Optimates
Caesar wants to step from pro consulship in Gaul straight to consulship in Rome to maintain imperium and prevent prosecution
Cato threatens to prosecute Caesar on is return from Gaul
Long term causes of the civil war (5)
Only need couple though
Extremely Optimates becomes consul ( Claudius Marcellus) and repeatedly attacks an absent Caesar in the senate
Metallus Scipio proposed that Caesar should be declared a public enemy unless he lays down his command in Gaul
Senate passed S.C.U to protect the republic against Caesar
Mark Antony’s veto to lock SCU is ignored and mark Antony is chases out of Rome and this is Caesars Casus Belli
Caesar crossed the Rubicon River with his army crossing from his province into Italy
Describe what happened in the civil war
Caesar vs Pompey governors in Spain (kills Milo on the way in Marssilia)
Pompey and Caesar in battle of Pharsalus
At Alexandria where Pompey gets decapitated by Ptolemy and Caesar sides with Cleopatra
In Zama, Caesar fights client kings and Mithridates sons
Thapsus vs Milo and Metellus - deals with forces friendly to Pompey - Caesar defeats these
In Munda Caesar fights Pompey’s sons
Where was the civil war information from?
Plutarch
What was Cicero’s civil war?
Cicero departed from Italy and arrived at Pompey’s camp in 48 BCE
He disgusted everybody by grumbling and everyone else disgusted Cicero by their blood thirsty attitude
Cicero remained in camp on the day of Pharsalus
After Pompey’s defeat Cicero returned to Italy and spent 11 months in Brundisium
What are the negative things that are done by Cicero during the civil war?
Complains in camp
Pompey son calls him a traitor
Made “sarcastic remarks and jokes about his comrades in arms”
Criticises Pompey behind his back
Positive things done by Cicero during the civil war
Cicero stayed in camp despite Cato telling him not to - brave
What is Caesars attitude after the civil war? What is it? What do people think of it?
Clematia
Virtue of kindness and forgiveness
Patronises the Optimates
What were Caesars aims after the civil war?
Rebuild Rome - leads to jobs and economy boost but the money will be taken from taxes
Stability
Reconstruct Rome - money from taxes
Free slaves - economy - affect Optimates
What is Caesar named after the civil war?
Dictator Perpetus ( dictator forever)
The relationship between Cicero and Caesar, is it consistent?
Say positive or negative
Caesar offers Cicero to join the triumvirate and his staff
Positive
The relationship between Cicero and Caesar, is it consistent?
Say positive or negative
Clodius exiles Cicero
Negative
The relationship between Cicero and Caesar, is it consistent?
Say positive or negative
Cicero sings his palinode
Negaitive
The relationship between Cicero and Caesar, is it consistent?
Say positive or negative
Cico sides with Pompey - Caesars threatening letter
Negative
The relationship between Cicero and Caesar, is it consistent?
Say positive or negative
Cicero’s in Brundisium - reconciled with Caesar
Positive
The relationship between Cicero and Caesar, is it consistent?
Say positive or negative
Caesar over for dinner
Positive
The relationship between Cicero and Caesar, is it consistent?
Say positive or negative
Caesar assassination - “that superb banquet”
Negative
Dinner with Caesar
Letter to Atticus
Did Cicero enjoy Caesars visit?
“Everything went very pleasantly”
“Once is enough”
“I found it a bother… But not disagreeable”
“We were human beings together”
“We talked no serious politics … A good deal on literary matters”
Dinner with Caesar
Letter to Atticus
Did Caesar enjoy himself?
“He liked it and enjoyed himself”
Found common ground to talk about
When was Caesars assassinated?
44 BCE
How does Cicero refer to Caesars assassination?
“That superb banquet”
What do Brutus and Cassius claimed to have done?
Killed a tyrant
What does mark Antony promise Brutus and Cassius?
Amnesty
For Caesars laws to be kept
The funeral of Caesar
Brutus speech at Caesars funeral?
Antony’s speech?
Talks about politics and philosophy
Plebs bored and do not understand
Antony tells plebs who murdered Caesar - bloody toga
Plebs go mental
Cicero’s letter to Trebonius
Cicero expresses regret
He regrets the roman republic not getting reformed properly
“That superb banquet”
“Should have had no leavings” - mark Antony should have died too
Didn’t invite Cicero
Cicero’s letter to Atticus after Caesars assassination
How does Cicero see the assassins
As heroes
“Splendidly achieved”
Cicero’s letter to Atticus after Caesars assassination
What problems are the liberators now faced with?
No money
No men
“The rest requires money and men and we have neither
Cicero’s letter to Atticus after Caesars assassination about meeting with liberators
Criticise the liberators
Technically correct but not appropriate audience
“I should have written more fierily”
Not aggressive enough
Should have been like the “thunderbolts of Demosthenes”
Just after meeting he assassins Cicero writes a letter to Atticus
What does Cicero suggest Brutus do? Why is Brutus’ safety so important?
Not to go to Rome
Brutus’ family is associated with the foundation of the republic
Just after meeting he assassins Cicero writes a letter to Atticus
Why is Cicero so disillusioned after his meeting with Brutus and Cassius?
“I found the ship falling in pieces…it was already in fragments”
“Not a sign of plan, logic or system”
After Cicero has met with the liberators and Brutus and Cassius have fled to Greece, Cicero has returned to Rome
What are the main events that Cicero does?
Cicero tries to stop Antony becoming another Caesar
Cicero promotes Octavian
Cicero delivers the Philippics
Cicero’s attitude to Octavian
“Raised, praised and erased…”
Cicero letter to Trebonius 43 BCE
What has Octavian done to merit Cicero describing him as an “excellent boy”?
Octavian had “quickly mobilised the ex-service men - Caesars veterans
He also had two legions of Antony’s army “transferred themselves to his command” which frightened Antony
Cicero’s letter to Plancus 43 BCE
What has Plancus done to please Cicero?
What is Plancus’ foremost duty?
How should Plancus act if he should avoid becoming an “utter disgrace”?
Side of peace
“Break away from bad Romans”
“Offer senate and all right thinking persons your services”
“Abolition of the general terrors of arms and of enslavement is what will bring peace”-must attack Anthony
“Associate yourself with people of that calibre”
What speeches did Cicero make against Antony?
The philippics
How many philippics were there?
14
Quotes from the philippics
"Spewing rather than speaking" "You are the son in law of an ex-slave" "Totally uncivilised" "You are an ill behaved lunatic" "Besides he is no true consul at all" "An imbecile"
In the philippics, Cicero relates back to his own past, what does he say?
“The senate has praised only one man” - pater Patriae
What were the philippics effects?
In the short term
Declared an SCU against Antony o became an public enemy
Antony fled north where he sieged Decimus Brutus at Mutina
Cicero organised the senate to send consuls Hirtius and Pansa and Octavian against him
Cicero persuaded the senate to grant Octavian the praetorian imperium- therefore shows Cicero is highly Cicero and has not been this influential since the Catilinarian conspiracy
Who were involved n the second triumvirate
Octavian , mark Antony, lepidus
Who takes over Hirtius and Pansas army after they were killed?
Octavian
Cicero undermines Octavian by not giving him a trial who does the trial go to?
Decimus Brutus
Who does Cicero give the command against Antony to?
Lepidus
What does Cicero give t Brutus and Cassius after the fight at Mutina?
Eastern provinces
What does Octavian force Cicero and the senate to make him?
Consul
Way does Lepidus do when he meets Antony?
He changes sides
What does Octavian do fire he made consul?
Marches north to join Antony and Lepidus
What is the advantage of Antony when he joins the triumvirate
Attacks Cicero- proscribed
Revoke SCU
Bigger army
Territories and money
What is the advantage to Octavian when he joins the triumvirate?
He attacks Brutus and Cassius
Money t pay off debt
Bigger army
Territories
What is Lepidus advantage of joining the triumvirate
Not getting killed
Big army
Proscriptions
Who gave what territory in the second triumvirate?
Antony gave trans alpine and cisalpine Gaul- he took control of the east of the empire
Octavian gave Africa, Sicily, Sardinia - west
Lepidus narbonese Gaul and took control Africa
Why is Cicero courageous and energetic after caesars murder?
Return to Rome after meeting with Cassius and Brutus
Delivers philippics
Unites senate in making Antony an enemy of Rome
Sends Hirtius and Pansa and Octavian to attack Antony
Letters to Plancus - governor of Gallia -“for most duty t break away from bad Romans”
What are Cicero’s mistakes after Caesars assassination
Avoids Rome after assassination Fails to advise Brutus on funeral speech Gives Octavian propraetorian imperiumin his teens Attempts to get rid of Octavian Underestimates Octavian Thinks Antony is the bigger threat Lets Octavian get consulship aged twenty
Impacts of Cicero’s execution
Cicero represents the senate therefore no more senatorial opposition
There is three hundred senators killed in the proscriptions
Second triumvirate has total control over Rome
Public turn on Antony for killing Cicero
Antony and Octavian have civil war and Antony commits suicide
Wo was Terentia
Cicero’s wife
What did Terentia do for Cicero?
Possibly behind Cicero’s prosecution of Clodius
Public protest Cicero exile
Financially ins dependent so helps Cicero get out of debt
Encourage Cicero to reconcile with ceasar after the war
Divorce n 46
Tullia
Daughter
Tullia relationship with Cicero
Very close Uses her to advance politically First two marriages for politics Marries dolabella Cicero delayed getting to pompeys camp due to birth of grandchild Tullia died in childbirth Cicero plunged into mourning
Marcus
Son
Curio
Aspiring young orator hence Cicero’s relationship with him
Cicero tries to help hm politically
Curio massive debt leads hm t be dependent on Caesar
Curio one of the few people to call for peace between Caesar and Pompey’s
One of few to disagree pub ally about the the first trimvirste
Dies during civil war
Caelius
Cicero referred to him as “the angry young man”
Attack the firs triumvirate
Passionate orator
Used m a s an informant of the political situation in Rome whilst he was in Cilicia therefore trusts him
Had high political ordeals
Executed for revolting against Caesar in 47BCE
