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All Subjects > Biology Unit 1 Booklet 2 Cells, Cell transport, Cholera > Flashcards

Biology Unit 1 Booklet 2 Cells, Cell transport, Cholera Flashcards

0
Q

Convert cm to mm

A

X 10

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1
Q

Convert m to cm

A

X 100

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2
Q

Convert mm to micrometers

A

X 1000

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3
Q

Convert micrometers to nm

A

X 1000

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4
Q

Working out magnification

A

Magnification = measure scale bar in mm x conversion factor
—————————————————-
Number on scale bar

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5
Q

Working out actual size

A

Actual size = measure organelle in mm x conversion factor
—————————————————
Magnification

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6
Q

Working out magnification without a scale bar

A

Magnification = measure organelle in mm x conversion factor
—————————————————-
Actual size in micrometers

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7
Q

Advantages of optical microscope

A

Small
Relatively mobile
View live specimen

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8
Q

Disadvantage of optical microscope

A

Poor resolution because light has a long wavelength

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9
Q

Two types if electron microscope

A

Transmission

Scanning

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10
Q

Transmission microscope

A

A beam if electrons through a sample so internal parts of the cell and organelles can be viewed
Produces 2D image in black and white called a micrograph

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11
Q

Scanning microscope

A

Send a beam of electrons which bounces off the surface of a molecule
Build up a 3D image of external surfaces

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12
Q

Advantage if electron microscope

A

Sorter wavelength therefore better resolution

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13
Q

Disadvantage of electron microscopes

A

Vacuum is expensive

Can’t view living things

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14
Q

Example of a Prokaryotic cell

A

Vibrio cholerae

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15
Q

An example if a eukaryotic cell

A

Epithelial cell

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16
Q

Prokaryotic cell
All bacteria possess a cell wall which is a mixture if sugars and peptide called…
This provides…

A

Peptidoglycan (murein)

A physical barrier against mechanical damage

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17
Q

Prokaryotic cell

Many bacteria also possess an external layer for further production

A

Capsule

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18
Q

Prokaryotic cell

Cholera bacteria also have a ______________ which rotates at its base and is used for moving through liquids

A

Flagellum

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19
Q

Prokaryotic cell

Inside the cell, what selectively controls the substances entering on leaving the cell?

A

Plasma membrane

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20
Q

Prokaryotic cell

Some Organelles are found dispersed in

A

Cytoplasm

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21
Q

Prokaryotic cells
The ___ S _________________ are where the cells proteins are made. These are found floating around freely in the cytoplasm

A

70

Ribosomes

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22
Q

Prokaryotic cells

The DNA of the bacterium is not not held within a membrane bound nucleus- the structure is known as

A

Nucleoid

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23
Q

Prokaryotic cell

The DNA is ___________ and does not form ___________________________________

A

Circular

Chromosomes associated with proteins

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24
Q

Prokaryotic cells
Many bacteria also contain smaller rings of DNA possessing important genes for the survival of the bacterium called…
E.g……….

A

Plasmid

Antibiotic resistance

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25
Q

Matrix is

A

Solution full of enzymes

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26
Q

Cristae is

A

Increased surface area for respiration

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27
Q

Stroma is

A

Liquid

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28
Q

Granum (stack of thylakoids)

A

Absorbs light for photosynthesis

Chlorophyll

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29
Q

What has ribosomes

A

Prokaryotes
Animal eukaryotes
Plant eukaryotes

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30
Q

What has rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Animal eukaryotes

Plant eukaryotes

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31
Q

What has smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Animal eukaryotes

Plant eukaryotes

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32
Q

What has Golgi apparatus

A

Anima eukaryotes

Plant eukaryotes

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33
Q

What has a cytoplasm

A

Prokaryotes
Animal eukaryotes
Plant eukaryotes

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34
Q

What has a plasma membrane

A

Prokaryotes
Animal eukaryotes
Plant eukaryotes

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35
Q

What has a plasmodesma

A

Plant eukaryotes

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36
Q

What has a chloroplast

A

Plant eukaryotes

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37
Q

What has centrioles

A

Animal eukaryotes

Plant eukaryotes

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38
Q

What has a nucleoid

A

Prokaryotes

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39
Q

What has a nucleolus

A

Animal eukaryotes

Plant eukaryotes

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40
Q

What has plasmids

A

Prokaryotes

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41
Q

What has microvilli

A

Animal eukaryotes

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42
Q

What has a flagellum

A

Prokaryote

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43
Q

What has a capsule

A

Prokaryotes

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44
Q

What has mitochondria

A

Animal eukaryotes

Plant eukaryotes

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45
Q

What has a cell wall

A

Prokaryotes

Plant eukaryotes

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46
Q

What has lysosomes

A

Animal eukaryotes

Plant eukaryotes

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47
Q

Explain about ATP

A

Produced by mitochondria

During aerobic respiration

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48
Q

Mitochondria can be found in

A

Rib muscles
Heart
Brain
Muscles

49
Q

ATP is needed for

A

Muscle contractions
Active transport
Nerve impulses

50
Q

Fractionation happens in three steps

A

Homogenisation
Filtration
Ultracentrifugation

51
Q

Why ice cold

A

Slows down enzymic activity of the lysosomes to prevent the broken lysosomes from digesting other organelles

52
Q

Why isotonic

A

Prevents water entering or leaving the organelle by osmosis so that the organelle does not burst or shrink

53
Q

Why buffer solution

A

Maintains a constant pH so that proteins within the organelle are not denatured and so the organelles do not lose their structure

54
Q

Why homogenate

A

Remove cell debris

55
Q

Heaviest to lightest organelles

A 
Cell debris
Nuclei 
Mitochondria 
Lysosomes 
Endoplasmic reticulum 
Ribosomes
56
Q

What is a saturated fatty acid

A

There are no double bonds between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain

57
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

Has double bonds between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain

58
Q

A triglyceride

A

A glycerol
3 fatty acids
A condensate reaction

59
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

Cell membrane structure
Protein molecule in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids
Bilayer is rigid

60
Q

Fluid mosaic model

Why fluid

A

Semi liquid

Contain cholesterol

61
Q

Fluid mosaic model

Why mosaic

A

Made of different molecules

62
Q

Functions of membrane protein

A 
Intercellular communications 
Transport
Immune functions
Structural purposes
Enzymes
Receptors (glycoproteins)
63
Q

Lipids contain the element

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

64
Q

Main role of lipids

A

Insulation
Internal organ protection
Buoyancy in some aquatic animals
Water proofing in some animals e.g. Bird feathers

65
Q

Triglycerides are formed by the condensation of

A

Three fatty acids

On molecule of glycerol

66
Q

Di glycerine

A

Two fatty acids
One fatty acid is replaced with a phosphate group
One molecule of glycerol

67
Q

The bond that joins glycerol to a fatty acid

A

Ester bond

68
Q

If there is a concentration difference, what will take place down the concentration gradient

A

Diffusion

69
Q

Diffusion is

A

The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a selectively permeable membrane

70
Q

What law applies to diffusion across any surface

A

Fick’s law

71
Q

Diffusion transport does not need ATP therefore is

A

Passive

72
Q

The only molecules that can diffuse passively are

A

Small
Non polar
Lipid soluble

73
Q

Cells that are efficient at diffusion have

A

Large surface area to volume ratio

I.e. large surface area, small volume

74
Q

The smaller the cell, the more efficient it will be because

A

Surface area to volume ration will be higher

75
Q

The molecule that diffuse across the membrane by facilitated diffusion are

A

Large water soluble molecules like glucose and amino acids

Ions such as Na+, K+, Cl-

76
Q

To get across hydrophobic zone in facilitated diffusion, what are used

A

Transmembrane proteins

77
Q

Facilitated diffusion

The transmembrane protein can act as ____________ or _______________

A

Carriers-> big -> glucose

Channels -> small -> ions

78
Q

Facilitated diffusion is ____________ it needs no energy

A

Passive

79
Q

Facilitated diffusion down or against the concentration gradient?

A

Down

80
Q

A cell may need to move molecules or ions across the membrane against a concentration gradient by

A

Active transport

81
Q

Active transport only uses

A

Carrier proteins

82
Q

Active transport needs energy from

A

ATP

83
Q

In active transport, each protein is

A

Specific

84
Q

Endo and exocytosis needs __________ to work

A

ATP

85
Q

Endocytosis takes materials into the cell - how

A

The membrane folds in and engulfs the material

This creates a vesicle

86
Q

Exocytosis works by

A

Vesicles formed inside the cell ( from the Golgi body) empty the contents to the outside

87
Q

Pure water has.

A

A low water potential

88
Q

Water potential is measured in

A

Kilo pascals (kPa)

89
Q

Water can pass freely across the membrane but solute can’t therefore

A

Water will pass thought the membrane from a solution of high (less negative) water potential to a more negative

90
Q

Osmosis is

A

The net movement of water from an area of less negative water potential to an area of more negative water potential across a selectively permeable membrane

91
Q

Hypotonic red blood cell

A

Lynsey

92
Q

Isotonic red blood cell

A

Normal

93
Q

Hypertonic red blood cell

A

Shrivelled

94
Q

Hypertonic plant cell

A

Plasmolyzed

95
Q

Isotonic plant cell

A

Flaccid

96
Q

Hypotonic plant cell

A

Turgid

97
Q

Simple diffusion

Energy required?

A

No ATP

98
Q

Simple diffusion

Direction of flow?

A

Down concentration gradient

99
Q

Simple diffusion

Carrier protein / phospholipid / channel?

A

Phospholipids

100
Q

Simple diffusion

Molecules?

A

Small, non polar, lipid soluble (CO2, O2)

101
Q

Simple diffusion

How to speed it up?

A

Increase temperature
Increase surface area
Decrease diffusion pathway
Increase concentration gradient

102
Q

Facilitated diffusion

Energy required?

A

No ATP

103
Q

Facilitated diffusion

Direction of flow?

A

Down a concentration gradient

104
Q

Facilitated diffusion

Carrier protein/ phospholipid / channel?

A

Carrier and channel protein

105
Q

Facilitated diffusion

Molecules?

A

Amino acids
Glucose
Ions

106
Q

Facilitated diffusion

How to speed it up?

A 
Increase temperature to optimum
Increase surface area
Decrease diffusion pathway 
Increase concentration gradient 
Increase carrier protein number
107
Q

Active transport

Energy required?

A

Needs ATP

108
Q

Active transport

Direction if flow?

A

Against concentration gradient

109
Q

Active transport

Carrier / phospholipid / channel?

A

Carrier protein

110
Q

Active transport

Molecules?

A

Minerals, ions ( glucose, amino acids)

111
Q

Active transport

How to speed it up?

A 
Increase temperature to optimum 
Increase surface area
Decrease diffusion pathway 
Increase concentration gradient 
Increase carrier protein number
Increase mitochondria
112
Q

Osmosis

Energy required?

A

No ATP

113
Q

Osmosis

Direction of flow?

A

Down a concentration gradient

114
Q

Osmosis

Carrier / phospholipid / channel?

A

Phospholipid

115
Q

Osmosis

Molecules?

A

Water

116
Q

Osmosis

How to speed it up?

A

Increase temperature
Increase surface area
Decrease diffusion pathway
Increase concentration gradient

117
Q

Process of cholera infection

A

Bacterium anchors to small intestines epithelial cells using flagellum so it does not get flushed out
Secretes a protein by exocytosis, one part binds to a specific receptor (protein is complementary to the shake of the receptor )
Other protein ( exotoxins) binds and disrupts Cl- ion channel found in the epithelial cell membrane
Cl- ion diffuses from elks into the lumen ( passive, down gradient - low to high )
Water potential of lumen is more negative and water potential of cells are less negative
H2O moves from less to more negative water potential ( from cells to lumen )

118
Q

Treatment for cholera

A

Oral rehydration therapy
Antibiotics
Vaccine

119
Q

Rehydration solution contains

A

Sodium which encourages reabsorption if water
Glucose which stimulates uptake of sodium and provides energy
Potassium which stimulates appetite
Boiled water

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