Biology Unit 1 Booklet 3 Biomolecules, Enzymes and Digestion Flashcards

0
Q

Monomers to a polymer

A

Condensation reactions

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1
Q

Atoms made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and sometimes nitrogen ( held together by covalent bonds )

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids

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2
Q

Polymer to a monomer

A

Hydrolysis reaction

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3
Q

Carbohydrate contain the elements

A

Hydrogen
Carbon
Oxygen

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4
Q

Carbohydrates include sweet tasting soluble sugars such as

A

Glucose
Sucrose
Lactose

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5
Q

Carbohydrates include large polymers such as

A

Starch
Cellulose
Glycogen

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6
Q

General formula of a monosaccharide

A

(CH2O) n

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7
Q

Glucose is a _____________ sugar with the formula _______________

A

Hexose sugar

C6 H12 O6

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8
Q

Glucose has many isomers but the two most important ones are

A

Alpha glucose

Beta glucose w

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9
Q

Difference between alpha and beta glucose

A

The OH and the H atoms on carbon 1 are switched

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10
Q

Alpha glucose polymerises into

A

Starch

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11
Q

Beta glucose polymerises into

A

Cellulose

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12
Q

Test for reducing sugars

A

Benedict’s test
Food sample dissolved in water
Equal volume of Benedict’s reagent
Heat in water bath. If present, solution turns from blue to orange brown

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13
Q

Glucose linked to glucose forms

A

Maltose

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14
Q

Glucose linked to fructose forms

A

Sucrose

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15
Q

Glucose linked to galactose forms

A

Lactose

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16
Q

When water is lost in a condensation reaction a _______________ bond is formed

A

Glycosidic bond

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17
Q

Test for non reducing sugars

A

Heat with Benedict’s and see no colour change
Boil fresh sample with dilute HCl and then neutralise with NaHCO3
Reheat with Benedict’s and obverse colour change, blue to orange red

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18
Q

Three common polysaccharides

A

Starch
Cellulose
Glycogen

19
Q

Polysaccharides general formula

A

( C6 H 10 O5) n

20
Q

Starch is found in

A

Many parts of plant in the form of grains and granules

21
Q

Starch consists of

A

200-100000 alpha glucose molecules joined by glycosidic bonds

22
Q

Test for starch

A

Add iodine solution to sample

Look for colour change from brown to blue black

23
Q

Glycogen is most abundant in

A

Liver and muscle cells

24
Q

Glycogen is found as _____________ in the cytoplasm

A

Insoluble granules in the cytoplasm

25
Q

Cellulose major component in plant cell walls because

A

String stable structure

26
Q

Cellulose consists of thousands of _____________ glucose molecules forming ____________ chains with ____________ bonds forming linkages between them

A

Beta glucose
Linear chains
Hydrogen bonds

27
Q

Proteins contain the elements

A
Carbon 
Hydrogen 
Oxygen
Nitrogen 
Sulphur
28
Q

Protein are polymers of

A

Amino acids

29
Q

The number of naturally occurring amino acids

A

20

30
Q

Two amino acids join by condensation to form

A

Di peptide

31
Q

The bond between amino acids is called a

A

Peptide bond

32
Q

A chain of many amino acids is a called

A

Polypeptide

33
Q

The primary structure if protein structure

A

Linear chains of amino acid
Peptide bonds
Mae by ribosomes
Condensation

34
Q

The secondary structure of protein folding is

A

Alpha helix and beta pleated sheets
Hydrogen bond between hydrogen and oxygen
Folding depended son type of R group present

35
Q

The tertiary structure of protein folding

A

Folds into specific 3D globular structure
Disulphide bonds
Ionic bonds
Fibrous globular

36
Q

The quaternary structure of protein folding is

A

More than 1 polypeptide chain joins together
More complex
E.g. Haemoglobin

37
Q

The three types of proteins are

A

Fibrous protein which are long rope like structure to build materials such keratin and collagen
Globular protein which are metabolically active molecules such as ligaments and antibodies
A range of proteins are also found in membranes

38
Q

Several bonds stabilise protein structure

A
String peptide bonds- linking amino acids chains
Weak but numerous hydrogen bonds
Ionic bonds
Hydrophobic interactions 
Occasional very strong disulphides bonds
39
Q

Some types of bond are easily affected by

A

Heat
PH
Other factors

40
Q

Test for proteins

A

Biuret test
Add an equal volume of NaOH to the sample at room temperature and a few drops of CuSO4
Look for colour change from blue to lilac which indicates a peptide bond

41
Q

Digestion takes place in two stages

A

Physical breakdown

Chemical digestion main features if the digestive system

42
Q

Main feature of digestive system

A
Oesophagus
Stomach 
Small intestines
Large intestines
Rectum
Salivary glands
Pancreas
43
Q

The oesophagus

A

Tube that takes food from the mouth to the stomach using waves of muscle contractions called peristalsis
Mucus is secreted from tissue in the walls to lubricate the food passage downwards

44
Q

The stomach

A

Small sac
Lots of food, allowing stomach to expand
Entrance and exit controlled by the sphincter muscles
Stomach walls produce gastric juices
Gastric juices is hydrochloric acid, pepsin and mucus
Pepsin hydrolysed proteins into smaller polypeptide chains
Peristalsis turns food into chyme

45
Q

The small intestines

A

Duodenum and ileum
Chyme moved along by peristalsis
Duodenum, bile and pancreatic juices neutralise the acidity of chyme and breakdown to smaller molecules
Ileum,small soluble molecules are absorbed through villi that line the gut wall
Molecules are absorbed through diffusion - facilitated diffusion and active transport