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Cog Neuro Final > Class (no 11) 12 > Flashcards

Class (no 11) 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Acetocholine important for __

Important Receptors ___

A

Neurotransmitter important for pereferal motor activity

two important receptors: Nicotenic, Muscrenic

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2
Q

Nicotenic Receptors are

A

Ionotropic

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3
Q

Muscuringic

A

binds to receptor, sends G protien to do other things inc. opening a seperate ion chanel

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4
Q

Cell bodies that generate acetroline pathways are in

A

ponds, midbrain, and baisal forbrain

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5
Q

Lots of acetocoline maintains __

A

maintains normal cortical excitability

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6
Q

Acetocholine when anestatised

A

decreased levels

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7
Q

Acetocholine is involved in

A

selective attention, motavation, reward

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8
Q

Acetocholine is active in

A

neuromuscular junction - where PNS stimilates activity

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9
Q

motor unit

A

where neurons (alfa) activates mussles (is both neuron and mussle fiber where it actavates)

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10
Q

motor units are medated by ____ and binds with ___

A

Acetocholine , Nicotenic receptors (in membrane of skelatal muscle)

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11
Q

opening of ion chanels in motor unit causes

A

mussle contraction

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12
Q

Reflux circiut

A

reflex - movments gnerated without cortical imput

alfa motor neurons - innnervate musles - recieve signal from spinal interneuron (in spinal cord)

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13
Q

two pathways where information from brain desends to spinal cord and out

A

lateral cortical spinal tract
medial tract

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14
Q

lateral cortical spinal tract

A
  • fine motor movement, more distal lymbs
    projects contralaterally
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15
Q

medial tract

A

walking, posture, standing, more procximal parts of lymbs and the trunk
is the extraperamital tracks
project not only contralaterally but also ipsolaterally

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16
Q

cerebellum

A

from video - “makes movements smooth”

“little brain” 3/4 of neurons of the brain 1/10 of the space - smaller neurons

imputs from all over the brain - visual, proceptrive, vestibular, somatosensory, autory

two hemispheres
prjects ipsolaterally

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17
Q

Functontal dividson of the cerebellum

A

Vestibulocerebellum
Spinocerebellum
Cerebrocerebellum

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18
Q

Vestibulocerebellum

A

balance, eye movement

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19
Q

Spinocerebellum

A

smooth control of movement, coordination in walking, running

Lateral regions control more distal muscles, more medial regions control more proximal muscles

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20
Q

Cerebrocerebellum

A

highly skilled movements (requiring sensorimotor learning)
writing and speaking

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21
Q

Basala gangla

A

group of nucil

though to select what canadate plan of action is vs other alternitives

impotant in initation of action

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22
Q

Dopamine

A

recepter subtypes (main)
D1 - excitatory
D2 - inhibitory

three differnt pathways in which can act
- Nigrostriatal system
- others involved in reward learning + motivation
• Useful for producing actions that have rewarding consequences!

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23
Q

doubble inhibiton circult

A

lowers baceline level of activity
makes certine signal stand out (by disinhibiting it, or not inhibiting it)

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24
Q

Nigrostriatal system

A

housed in substantra nigra - wheere cell bodies for DA activirt is highjlighted/housed
primartly in control of movement

25
Q

Basal gangla - orgnaization

A

organixation of different patheays
green- exitory
red - inhibitory

26
Q

How basal gangla influence cortical activity

A

two wats
direct root
indirect root

27
Q

direct root
Does:
activated by:
Pathway:
Cortical excitation:

A

facilate movement - alows for initation of movment
activated by D1 receptors
DOrsal striatum is activated - inhibits internal segment of globus palatas
inhibatory done by gabergernic
net level of higher cortical excitation

28
Q

substantia nigra sends __

A

can send both excityory and inhibtory

29
Q

globus palatas internal segment normaly

A

(GPi) inhibits the thalamus

30
Q

Thalamus connections to the cortex are

A

excitatory

31
Q

indirect root
does:
activated by:
pathway:
cortical excitation:

A

in generally, supressing unwanted movments
D2 receptors
Normaly dorsal straitum (actavation) is inhibiting external segment of the GP
and the GPe normaly inhibits the subthalamic nuclis (STN)
subthalmic nucleis activates GPi (which inhibits the thalamus)
net level of lower cortixal excitation

32
Q

Supplementary motor cortex

areas:
does:

A

supplementary motor area, supplementary eye field, presupplementary motor area
help code motor plan

33
Q

motor plan

A

representation of intended movement
general - what is goal of movement want to do
specific - muscular control needed

34
Q

Information contained in motor plan

A
  • Which effectors to use
  • Which order to use them
  • Direction and force of individual effectors
  • Timing between movements
  • Commands for motor neurons
35
Q

What are effectors

A

muscles, areas of body that move

36
Q

most activity in SMA

A

is leading up to action

37
Q

neuron in SMA sensitive to

A

order that things are done (Push pull vs pull push)

38
Q

Pre SMA order

A

(order) does not matter
increased activity prior to third movement

39
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

Not only to doing action but to someone else doing that action.
can be specific or broad
- coding for intent of action (can fire even if not see)

40
Q

Anterior cingulate cortex
where:
implicated in:

A

(ACC) above CC
implicated in motor activity, attention, and emotion

motor - more activity in control and planning of new (untrained) movements

selecting for movement among compeeting alternatives (clasic word vs color)

41
Q

Bimodal neurons in parietal cortex

A

proprioceptive, kinesthetic, somatosensory and visual info
- modulate receptive fields

42
Q

damage to parietal regions

A

(dorso-dorsal stream) causes optic ataxia

43
Q

optic ataxia

A

imparments to reach and grasp baised on visual information

44
Q

Primary Motor Cortex
Organization:
Mapping:

A

M1
Parts of body with fine motor control are bigger

Organized around specific body area for specific region
distortion of size of region compared to size on body

Mapping is upside down, more dorsal regions (lower parts of body) more ventral (face)

45
Q

Corticomotor neurons synapse directly onto

A

alpha motor neurons (instead of onto spinal interneurons)

46
Q

cortical motor neurons more responsive to

A

fine control, precision (pinch, small changes) (vs power gripping)

47
Q

each motor neuron cell has ____ (movement preferences)

A

different preferences for movement

48
Q

direction vector

A

combine activity of motor neurons: summation of direction moving towards
Direction: cell’s preferred direction
Length: firing rate of cell at a given moment

49
Q

population vector

A

summation of direction vector

50
Q

D1 is

A

excitatory

51
Q

D2 is

A

inhibitory

52
Q

basal ganglia uses ___ and acts on ___

A

uses double inhibiton circuit
act on dopameane

53
Q

alfa motor neurons recceive preferfy imput from

A

muscle spindles

54
Q

Distance between represntaions in M1 is closely related to

A

how often (two fingers) are used togehter

55
Q

CM neurons are preferntal active durring ___ comapired to ___

A

Pinch, power grip

56
Q

SCn to the striatum is known as

A

the dopamine pathway

57
Q

GPi and SNr have __ baseline firing rates producing

A

high, strong tonic inhibition of the motor system by the inhibitory projection to the thalamus and superior coliculi

58
Q

basal gnaglia can act as a __ and play a critical role in the

A

gaitkeeper of cortical activity, initation of actions

59
Q

As a specitic motor plan gains strength the inhibitory signaling __

A

is decresed for selective neurons.

Cog Neuro Final (16 decks)

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