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Cog Neuro Final > Class 20 - Language > Flashcards

Class 20 - Language Flashcards

1
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A

Speech production issue
Paul Broca
Non- fluent aphasia

words there wrong order missing prepositions/articles typically characterized with smooth/fluent speech

• Patients know what they want to say but have trouble saying it out loud

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2
Q

(Broca’s Aphasia) Poor speech quality:

A
  • Limited amount of output
  • Missing function words, word endings – telegraphic speech
  • Has a hard time naming objects, repeating words
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3
Q

(Broca’s Aphasia) Not because the motor system is

A

impaired overall
• No problems with moving face or mouth muscles
• Can still produce non-linguistic sounds without difficulty

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4
Q

(Broca’s Aphasia) Comprehension is

A

(mostly) spared

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5
Q

(Broca’s Aphasia) Deficit of

A

programming speech output

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6
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A
  • Speech comprehension
  • Carl Wernicke
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7
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

• fluent aphasia

Disrupted comprehension along with fluent production that doesn’t make sense

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8
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Speech production
Paul Broca

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9
Q

(Wernicke’s aphasia) Impaired

A

comprehension

• Sometimes have difficulty following simple commands

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10
Q

(Wernicke’s aphasia) Poor quality of

A

speech: lack of meaning

• No difficulty making speech sounds – motor functions intact • All parts of speech are present but together don’t make sense

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11
Q

(Wernicke’s aphasia) Paraphasia is __

A

errors in producing specific words

Semantic paraphasia: ‘barn’ for ‘house’ - main in WA

Phonemic paraphasia: ‘fable’ for ‘table’

Neologisms (plausible words not in lexicon): ‘paffle’

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12
Q

Phonemic paraphasia:

A

‘fable’ for ‘table’

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13
Q

Neologisms

A

(plausible words not in lexicon): ‘paffle’

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14
Q

(Wernicke’s aphasia) Deficit of

A

linking the sound image to meaning

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15
Q

Double dissociation

A

Determine whether two functions are independent

  • Patient 1 has damage to area A, impaired function X, function Y is fine
  • Patient 2 has damage to area B, impaired function Y, function X is fine
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16
Q

Double dissociation in Broca’s area

A

Damage to Broca’s area impairs speech production (X) but not comprehension (Y)

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17
Q

Double dissociation in Wernicke’s area

A

Damage to Wernicke’s area impairs speech comprehension (Y) but not production (X)

18
Q

Syntactic and phonological processing in Broca’s aphasia

A
  • Insensitive to grammatical markers (in this case, ‘by’)
  • Uses basic subject-verb-object ordering instead
  • Impaired at matching action with a picture
19
Q

Syntactic and phonological deficits likely co-occur in Broca’s aphasics due to

A

large lesions that disturb neighbouring areas

20
Q

Arcuate fasciculus

A

Connection between areas

21
Q

Conduction aphasia, ___ is intact

A

Speech production and comprehension intact

22
Q

Conduction aphasia, difficulty with ___

A

with repeating what was just heard

  • Sound images (Wernicke’s) cannot be transmitted for production (Broca’s)
  • Severed connection between the two areas – the arcuate fasciculus
  • Often commits paraphasic errors (phonemic usually)
23
Q

Disconnection syndrome:

A

no direct route between sound image and speech output areas

(In Conduction aphasia)

24
Q
A

The posterior Language Areas in the L hemisphere

Typical of Wernkies apahasa - is posterer- and most people language is in the L hemisphere

25
Q

Conduction aphasia, Often commits

A

paraphasic errors (phonemic usually)

26
Q

Ventral stream (of Brain networks of speech)

A

link phonological and semantic information

Green - primary audory

yellow - phenotoghy prosessing

pink - ventral streem linking phnological to semantic

Blue - Semsimotor interface, articulation

27
Q

Dorsal stream (of Brain networks of speech)

A

sensorimotor interface, articulation

Green - primary audory

yellow - phenotoghy prosessing

pink - ventral streem linking phnological to semantic

Blue - Semsimotor interface, articulation

28
Q

Peole R handed language, speach represnted __

People L handed, language, speach represnted __

A

language on L hemisphere

also peope in left or mixed still majority L hemisphere

29
Q

Split-brain patients have shown that the Right nemisphere can understand ___ but with deficits which are ___

A

spoken and written language

  • Poor comprehension of complex syntax
  • Cannot produce speech output
  • Trouble processing abstract vocabulary
30
Q

Right Hemisphere does contribute to processing in other ways

A
  • Prosody (tone of speech)
  • Narrative (following along with a story)
  • Inference (filling in the blanks on something not explicitly said)
31
Q

Prosody

A

tone of speech

32
Q

N400 Seen with

A

violations of semantic expectancy (does that word match?)

Larger away from expected - larger response

negative response 400ms after “wrong” word

33
Q

P600: Seen with

A

violations of syntactic expectancy - rules of language

  • “The broker persuaded to sell the stock was…”: ‘persuaded’ is transitive
  • “The broker hoped to sell the stock.”: ‘hoped’ is intransitive (expect sentence to end)
34
Q

transitive

A

possability to continue sentence but does not continue

35
Q

intransitive

A

sentece is complete/ended.

36
Q

Semantic P600

A

seen in syntactically intact sentences with semantic anomalies

(expect to see N400 but is actully P600)

red - control sentence

blue - syntax is right (noun was verbing) but semanticly not make sence (meals do not do the devowering, they get devowered)

idea - mabey N400 actully has to do with tracing how words realted, concepts (so meals and devoring same concept

37
Q

Lau & Namyst (2019)

Try to:

Used :

Comairason from two areas

A

Trying to locate where congruity and predictability (how much can we say what the second word is that is coming after the first word)

use FMR to localize where areas are (not as good with EEG)- might expect seprate anatomical areas for the two

Comaire FMRI and EEG data:

EEG- looking at difference in aplatude prectible ampltude large not predictable, small

fMRI - same with brain area

38
Q

Lau & Namyst (2019)

We previously discussed semantic memory to be associated with anterior temporal gyrus. Given that semantics plays a role in predictability, why do we see more posterior middle temporal gyrus activity instead?

A

see MTG activity instead of because is the area focus on lexal processing (word level processing ) - thought to be where acessing indivdual words.

39
Q

Lau & Namyst (2019)

Pradictability Manipulation and congruity manipulation

A
40
Q

Lau & Namyst (2019)

A
41
Q

The Wada test

A

‘Silencing’ one half of the brain: The procedure is called the Wada test and involves injection of a barbiturate into the bloodstream to temporarily inhibit activity from one hemisphere.

42
Q

semantic vs syntactic

A

Syntax is the grammatical structure of the text,

whereas semantics is the meaning being conveyed

Cog Neuro Final (16 decks)

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