Class 21

Question 1

Social brain hypothesis

Answer 1

large brains were evolutionarily advantageous because they help navigate large groups of conspecifics

• A larger neocortex was selected by the evolutionary pressure of group living

Question 2

Patients with prefrontal damage may show behaviours that are

Answer 2

not compliant with norms

OFC damage: integration of emotional information and decision-making

Question 3

Social norms can take the place of

Answer 3

common rules of etiquette or formalized into laws

• Can vary according to culture
• Important for not just group relations, but also for survival

ex. fiarness

Question 4

The ultimatum game

Answer 4

game shows fairness/ demonstrates reactions

Question 5

Increased activity seen in ____ when people face an unfair offer in an ultimatum game

Answer 5

Increase activity in DLPFC

(DLPFC: Planning, abstract reasoning)

Question 6

Question of Increased activity of DLPFC/ why

Answer 6

Suppressing the urge to just reject an unfair offer?

OR

Suppressing selfishness to maintain a sense of fairness? - seen in both the indivdual rejecting unfair offer and person giving unfair offer

Impair activty of DLPFC - increase in selfshness shows pro second hypothsis

Question 7

Unfair offers tended to be rejected more if they were perceived to have come from a

Answer 7

human rather than a computer

person affects inclnation to assert fairness

Question 8

Tendency to give more fair offers when there was threat of

Answer 8

punishment for unfair offers

Question 9

tDCS on lateral PFC had ___ effects on punished and unpunished unfair offers

Answer 9

opposite

lateral PFC = cathodal ?

Question 10

Do nothing, dont think shows

Answer 10

default mode network (DMN)

actully start thinking of self

Question 11

default mode network (DMN) lowered when

inc when

Answer 11

doing active taks

inc wen day dreaming

Also seen in self-referential activity, or in the projection of past/future possibilities

Question 12

Theory of Mind (ToM)

Answer 12

The ability to represent someone else’s mental states and recognize them as potentially different from one’s own

• Often assessed with false belief task

Question 13

false belief task

Answer 13

From sall’ys persepctive no knowlage that ann moved them

reconizing that sally has info about situation different from ourselves.

Question 14

Social animation task

Answer 14

Show video of shaps and see if people give human like discriptors

ex. say triangles confrontational, circle hidding

attributing ‘human’ traits to shapes

Question 15

Reading the mind in the eyes

Answer 15

inferring emotional state based on eyes

ex. mask

Question 16

___ implicated in ToM across 3 different tasks

Answer 16

Temporoparietal junction (TPJ)

However, Slightly different networks for each specific task (False belief task also involves medial PFC, precuneus)

Question 17

Three main components of empathy

Answer 17

Question 18

Autistic individuals tend to show deficits in social perception and theory of mind.

How would they perform on the false belief task compared to neurotypical individuals? What about their brain activity?

Answer 18

not be able to distingsh that they know sally dont have but sally doesnt know

Question 19

Types of empathy

Answer 19

Affective empathy

Cognitive empathy

Question 20

Affective empathy

Answer 20

similar to emotional contagion, feeling what others also feel in a situation

Question 21

Cognitive empathy

Answer 21

like ToM, but for affective states

• The ability to infer an emotional state of someone else based on observed cues

Question 22

People with autism spectrum disorder can show empathic reactions when

Answer 22

told what emotion is being portrayed by an individual

Question 23

Dissociation

Answer 23

cognitive empathy deficit

Question 24

Pain pathways

Answer 24

• Reminder:
• Coded by free nerve endings • Ascends via anterolateral tracts
• Descending pathways can modulate the ascending input
• Cognitive contributions to pain modulation • Opioids (e.g. morphine) act on this descending pathway

Question 25

Empathy for pain experement

Answer 25

Question 26

Pain seen in partner

Answer 26

ACC and anterior insula activated in common network for when pain was not only experienced by the self but also seen in the partner (other)

Amount of activation in other condition correlated with scores on empathy questionnaires

These are separate from S1, S2, which were associated with self pain only
Neither ACC or anterior insula are part of the mirror neuron network

Question 27

Does social pain activate the same regions as experiencing physical pain?

Answer 27

Yes?, areas dACC amgdala, PAG

activity coralated

Question 28

Social Pain examples

Answer 28

• Grief at losing a loved one
• Betrayal by a romantic partner
• Getting into an argument with a friend

Question 29

Momentary social exclusion task

Answer 29

Cyberball

Question 30

People more sensitive to simulated social rejection __

Answer 30

may also experience more social rejection daily

Question 31

Activation in areas involved in memory consolidation and self and social cognition predicted

Answer 31

feelings of social distress and disconnection over the next 10 days

Areas Include : Hippocampus & MPFC