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Cog Neuro Final > Class 7,8,9,10 > Flashcards

Class 7,8,9,10 Flashcards

1
Q

Olfactory receptor neurons are __

A

bipolar: one dendrite out to the nasal cavity

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2
Q

Each dendrite has ~____ cilia in __

A

10-15 tips (cilia) in a layer of mucus

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3
Q

Cilia have __

A

have places for chemicals to bind onto

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4
Q

Olfactory receptors synapse onto

A

mitral cells in glomeruli (sing. glomerulus)

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5
Q

Olfactory receptors of the same type synapse onto the same

A

glomerulus

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6
Q

Ascending olfactory pathway

A

(Side notes - • Olfactory information does not pass through the thalamus • Unique to olfaction • Largely ipsilateral projections)

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7
Q

Axial Slice

A

Horizontal slice that is angled

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8
Q

Sniffing vs. Smelling

A
  • Differential involvement of cortical regions based on stage of olfaction
  • Sniffing rate can affect the rate of smell detection and clearance
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9
Q

olfactory system is able to pick up on molecules released from __ which can modulate __

A

tears, arousal

(men did not find picture of women as attractive if they were smelling tears)

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10
Q

What is the role of olfaction?

A

rotten food
detection of danger
some form of communication/social bonds modulated by olfactory system

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11
Q

The five basic tastes that we recognize

A

• Sweet • Sour • Salty • Bitter • Umami (orig: うま味 pleasant taste)

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12
Q

Taste buds are on __ are __

A

papillae, are groups of taste receptors

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13
Q

Different sizes of __ on the tongue in ___

A

papillae, different regions

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14
Q

Taste buds contain a combination of __ cells

A

recptor

Receptors are activated differently depending on the receptor type

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15
Q

Cranial nerves VII and IX carry information from ___ to the (____) brainstem

information then reaches ___

A

taste receptors

(nucleus of solitary tract)

thalamus in ventral posterior nucleus

than to the Primary gustatory cortex

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16
Q

Primary gustatory cortex is ___

A

insula and operculum

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17
Q

One goal of olfaction is to help with __

A

finding food and determining whether it is good to eat

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18
Q

Disorders of olfaction have been associated with

A

reduced food intake and enjoyment

  • General reduction in quality of life can be seen in some patients
  • This effect appears to lessen with prolonged duration of the disorder
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19
Q

Somatosensation

(& the three systems)

A

Sensations from the body: Greek soma (the body) + sensation

Three systems involved:

  • Exteroceptive (external stimuli)
  • Proprioceptive (position of body)
  • Interoceptive (condition within the body)
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20
Q

Types of sensations:

A
  • Mechanical stimuli (touch)
  • Thermal stimuli (temperature)
  • Nociceptive stimuli (pain)
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21
Q

Types of cutaneous (___) receptors

A

(skin)

Merkel cells, Meissner’s corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscle, Ruffini corpuscle, Free nerve endings

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22
Q

Merkel cells

A

(Merkel’s discs)
• Sustained touch, slow to adapt

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23
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles

A

Light touch, fast to adapt

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24
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A

Sudden deep pressure, fast to adapt

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25
Q

Ruffini corpuscle

A

Stretching of skin, slow to adapt

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26
Q

Free nerve endings

A
  • Thermoreceptors
  • Nociceptors
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27
Q

Fast vs Slow Adapting receptors

A
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28
Q

Receptive Fields

A

Sizes of receptive fields vary depending on the type of receptor and location on body

  • Larger receptive fields = detecting change over wider area, less precise
  • Smaller receptive fields = detecting change over small area, very precise
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29
Q

Cell bodies of touch receptors

A
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30
Q

Reflex Circuits

A

Actions that are completed without neural control directly from the brain

  • Sensory information carried to spinal cord via afferent fiber
  • Usually (but not always) at least one interneuron within spinal cord connects sensory neuron to motor
  • Efferent fiber (motor neuron) sends signal to muscle to respond
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31
Q

Dorsal-column medial-lemniscus system

A

Fine touch, vibration, two-point discrimination, proprioception

(Ascending somatosensory pathway)

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32
Q

Anterolateral system

A

Temperature, pain

(Ascending somatosensory pathway)

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33
Q

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

A

S1

  • Mapped based on part of body that receives tactile input (touch, temperature, pain, etc.)
  • Representation of body parts proportional to density of touch receptors
  • This mapping is also upside-down in cortex
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34
Q

Bimodal Neurons

A

Receive somatosensory and visual information

• After learning to use a tool, the corresponding visual receptive field expands to include the too

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35
Q

The rubber hand illusion

A

Processing of both visual and touch information during the RHI involves several brain regions implicated in visuotactile integration

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36
Q

Deffinition of Pain

A

“an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual and potential tissue damage, or described in terms of tissue damage, or both”

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37
Q

Three Part process of pain

A

Sensory-discriminative (e.g. S1)

Affective-motivational (e.g. amygdala)

Cognitive-evaluative (e.g. insula)

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38
Q

Pain pathways are coded by __ and ascends by__

Descending pathways can modulate___ by the ___ which includes/is contributed by __

A

free nerve endings, Ascends via anterolateral tracts

the ascending input, PAG

  • Cognitive contributions to pain modulation
  • Opioids (e.g. morphine) act on this descending pathway
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39
Q

Role of the Ossicles

A

to Amplification of sound pressure onto oval window

Ossicles act like levers to increase pressure onto smaller space (Oval window is much smaller than tympanic membrane)

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40
Q

The Ossicles

A

MIS (Mallleus, Incus, Stapies)

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41
Q

The cochlea chambers

A

scala vestibuli, scala media, scala tympani.

Scala vestibuli and scala tympani are continuous

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42
Q

Hair cells arranged into__ inner hair cells and ___ outer hair cells

A

single row of inner hair cells and 3 rows of outer hair cells

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43
Q

hair cells total

A

18000-23000

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44
Q

hair cells synapse onto

A

spiral ganglion cells

• Cell bodies make up spiral ganglion • Axons form auditory nerve

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45
Q

Movement of basilar membrane due to __ results in ___

A

sound results in the bending of stereocilia

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46
Q

Changes in the membrane potential of the hair cell are the result of __ which results in __

A

the opening of K+ channels located at the tip of the stereocilia

K+ influx into the cell from the surrounding endolymph results in depolarization, the opening of Ca2+ channels and the release of neurotransmitter onto spiral ganglion neurites

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47
Q

Most spiral ganglion cells receive input from

A

a single inner hair cell at a particular location on the basilar membrane

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48
Q

Spiral ganglion cells generate __ in response to __

A

action potentials in response to the sound of a specific frequency: the neuron’s characteristic frequency

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49
Q

Location of Spiral Ganglion

A
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50
Q

Two main properties determine how the basilar membrane responds to sound

A

Width and stiffness

The basilar membrane is organized according to a place code for frequency – a tonotopic map

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51
Q

Place code

A

the location of the response along the basilar membrane codes the frequency of a tone

52
Q

Temporal code

A

the frequency of action potentials matches the frequency of a tone

53
Q

Volly

A

accomplished by groups of neurons

(Volley theory states that groups of neurons of the auditory system respond to a sound by firing action potentials slightly out of phase with one another so that when combined, a greater frequency of sound can be encoded and sent to the brain to be analyzed.)

54
Q

Each ear projects to

A

both hemispheres

55
Q

Coincidence detectors

A

Cells in brainstem respond to small timing differences

help determine location of sound

56
Q

medial superior olive (MSO) is where

A

the first stage of comparison is made

57
Q

Inferior colliculus in audition

A

Relays information up to the thalamus

Also aids in processing info of aversive stimuli (startle response)

58
Q

Auditory cortex in audition

A

Medial geniculate nucleus projects to primary auditory cortex (A1) • Brodmann Area 41

  • A1 cortical neurons are sharply frequency tuned
  • Form tonotopic map
  • Frequency-defined receptive field
59
Q

Auditory Pathway

A
60
Q

Core of Auditory Cortex

A

(A1, rostral, rostro-temporal regions):

simple sound features

• Input from MGN

61
Q

Belt and parabelt of Auditory Cortex

A

increasing levels of complexity in sounds

62
Q

Rostral to Caudal in auditory cortex

A

What to Where

  • *Rostral** regions more responsive to sound identity
  • *Caudal** regions responsive to sound location
63
Q

Moving outward from A1 involves

A

more and more complex percepts

  • Selectivity for voices
  • Sensitivity to pitch
64
Q

Retna cell Layers

A
65
Q

M cells

A

motion detection

66
Q

Rods

have pigment __

sensitive to ___

detets __

Located__

A

rhodopsin

  • Sensitive to small amounts of light
  • Saturated when there is a lot of bright light
  • Detects black and white
  • Located in the periphery of retina
  • Many rods connect to one ganglion cell
67
Q

Cones

have pigment __

sensitive to ___

detets __

Located__

A

photopsin

  • Sensitive to large amounts of light
  • Detects colour

• Three different kinds (Blue, green red)

Located in the fovea (center) of retina

Few cones connect to one ganglion cell

68
Q

Blue cones

A

Short wavelengths

69
Q

Green Cones

A

Medium wavelength

70
Q

Red Cones

A

Long wavelength

71
Q

Ganglion Cells

Innervate the ___

Types __

A
  • Innervate the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)
  • Many different kinds of ganglion cells (ex. M and P cells)
72
Q

M cells

A

Ganglion Cells

(Parasol):
• Coarse detection, motion, B&W, large
receptive fields

73
Q

P cells

A

Ganglion Cells

(Midget):
• Details, colour, small receptive fields

74
Q

Receptive Field is __

A

• Area of visual space where a neuron maximally fires

75
Q

Ganglion cells have ___ receptive fields which are good for ___

A

center-surround structure

  • Well suited for detecting contrasts, like edges or borders
  • On-center, off-surround vs. off-center, onsurround
76
Q

Retna to brain pathway

A

• Contralateral organization of visual pathways

• Information from right visual field is directed to the primary visual cortex of the left hemisphere, and vice versa
(Not the right eye!)

77
Q

Tectopulvinar pathway __

senitive to __

imput from __

Orientation of ___

A

Retina -> superior colliculus -> pulvinar nuclei -> visual cortex

  • Sensitive to motion and novelty
  • Receives input from M cells
  • 10 % of optic fibers
  • Orientation of peripheral stimuli
  • Eye movement
78
Q

Geniculostriate pathway

senitive to __

imput from __

A

Retina -> Lateral Geniculate Nucleus -> V1

• 90% of optic nerves

  • Sensitive to colour and fine-grained detail
  • Receives input from P and M cells
79
Q

LGN

layers __

A

The Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

has six layers: receives inputs from both eyes
(but from the same visual field)

  • Ipsilateral eye projects to layers 2, 3, 5
  • Contralateral eye projects to layers 1, 4, 6
80
Q

Ipsilateral eye projects to layers

A

2 3 5

81
Q

Contralateral eye projects to layers

A

1 4 6

82
Q

Layers 1 and 2 of LGN

A

Magnocellular layers

  • Receive inputs from M ganglion cells in retina
  • Primarily input from rods
  • Large cells (magno = big)
83
Q

Layers 3-6 og LGN

A

Parvocellular layers

Receive inputs from P ganglion cells in retina

  • Primarily input from cones
  • Small cells (parvo = small)
84
Q

Retinotopic Map

A

Spatial layout of information from the retina is preserved along the geniculostriate pathway

85
Q

Two paths within LGN

A

Magnocellular Pathway and Parvocellular Pathway

86
Q

Magnocellular Pathway

A
  • Colour-insensitive
  • Large receptive fields
  • Fast, transient
  • More sensitive at low contrast/ low spatial frequency

MOTION

87
Q

Parvocellular Pathway

A
  • Colour-sensitive
  • Small receptive fields
  • Slow, sustained

• More sensitive at high contrast/ high spatial frequency

OBJECT RECONITION

88
Q

Primary Visual Cortex ( ) Computes __

__ stop

__ intergration

A

(V1)

Computes simple features such as (Orientation • Ocular dominance • Spatial location • Colour • Spatial frequency)

  • First stop in cortex
  • Binocular integration
89
Q

Representations in V1

Receptive Fields are __

_ detect location and orientation

_detect orientation

_ detect orientation and length

A

RFs are not just spots of light, but now bars in different orientations

• Simple cells detect location and orientation

• Complex cells detect orientation (no on/off
regions)

• Hyper-complex cells detect orientation and
length

90
Q

Simple cells detect

A

Location and Orenration

91
Q

Complex Cells organize

A

orientation (no on/off regions)

92
Q

Hyper complex cells detect

A

orientation and length

93
Q

Organization of V1

A

Hypercollums and Subcollums

94
Q

Hypercolumns

A

groups of cells tuned to respond to stimulation at a certain spatial location

95
Q

Subcolumns for

A

specific orientations and input from different eyes

96
Q

higher up you go in (visual) processing __

A

Neuronal preferences grow increasingly more complex

Receptive fields increase in size

97
Q

Subcolumns (in V1)

A

for specific orientations and input from different eyes

98
Q

Contextual modulation

A

Activity of a neuron in visual cortex for a certain stimulus can be modulated based on what surrounds the stimulus

99
Q

Figure/ground segregation

A

a cell will respond more strongly to its preferred stimulus when it is part of the figure than the background

100
Q

Blindsight is __

due to__

A
  • Variant of cortical blindness • Due to extensive damage to V1
  • Some patients show preservation of visual discernment • However, they are not aware they can ‘see’
101
Q

V1 Nessaey For

A

conscious visual awareness

102
Q

Ventral visual stream

A

The WHAT path

  • Processing of complex objects
  • Selective responses for certain objects
103
Q

Must solve problems of Ventral stream

A
  • Scale invariance
  • Orientation
  • Brightness (light/dark)
104
Q

Must solve problems of Doral stream

A

• Spatial relations • Motion perception

105
Q

Dorsal visual stream

A

WHERE

• Tracks objects as they move • Spatial perception and action

106
Q

Testing invariance of recognition

A

Reconsize as same thing dsipire varing formats

  • Form-cue invariance
  • Adaptation: reduction of activity due to repetition
107
Q

Adaptation

A

reduction of activity due to repetition

108
Q

Role of LOC in invariance

A

(Lateral occipital cortex) -reconizes shape of object but not depth

seems to reconize invarance is a certine type of way

identical - lower pattern of activity

109
Q

Damage to parietal lobe impairs

A

spatial tasks

110
Q

Damage to temporal lobe impairs

A

object discrimination

111
Q

Double dissociation

A

weather functions are independent

112
Q

Lessioning studies and Landmark discrimination task & Object discrimination task

A
113
Q

Damage to the ventral stream causes

A

Visual agnosia

114
Q

Apperceptive agnosia

A

• Problem forming percepts
• Can perceive parts but not meaningful whole
• Cannot see integrated object (integrative visual
agnosia)

  • Varying degrees of perceptual problems (depending on extent of lesion)
  • Deficit in copying forms • Trouble integrating parts into a whole • Problems with perceptual constancy
115
Q

Damage to the ventral stream

A

Associative agnosia

116
Q

Associative agnosia

A

• Can perceive meaningful whole but not link to knowledge

  • Problem accessing semantic information
  • Can see integrated object but don’t know what it is

Can copy complex objects but cannot identify them
• Perceptual grouping intact

Can copy objects but cannot recall from memory

117
Q

differences in activity for spatial task

A

inferior parietal

118
Q

differences in activity for object change

A

lateral occipital areas

119
Q

Apperceptive agnosia damage

A

Diffuse damage across occipital regions

120
Q

Associative agnosia damage

A

Damage at border of occipital and temporal regions

121
Q

Optic ataxia

A

lack of coordination between visual input and hand movements

(Damage to the dorsal stream)

  • Recognition of objects but cannot use that info to guide actions
  • Can see objects, but cannot reach for them
122
Q

Paitent DF and card slot

A

lateral ocipital lesion

123
Q

Extrastriate areas include

A
  • Extrastriate body area (EBA)
  • Parahippocampal place area (PPA)
  • Visual word form area (VWFA)
  • Lateral occipital cortex (LOC)
  • Fusiform face area (FFA)
124
Q

Prosopagnosia is __

intact __

result of __

A
  • Inability to perceive individual faces
  • Can perceive other objects
  • Intact semantic information
  • Can process holistically aside from faces
  • Can be result of damage to fusiform face area (FFA) • Either right or bilateral
125
Q

Is the FFA only for faces?

A

No

FFA shows sensitivity to objects that one has expertise with

• Greebles!
• Parts of greebles have fixed spatial
relationships

Cog Neuro Final (16 decks)

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