Class 23

Question 1

Libet’s task:

Answer 1

an unscheduled task – move your finger whenever

• A ramp-up of an EEG signal (the RP) preceding the intention to move and the onset of movement

Question 2

The RP ( in Libet’s task ) can be modeled with ___

Answer 2

random fluctuation of the brain’s neural activity, and just looks the way it does because it doesn’t capture times when a movement doesn’t happen

• The RP doesn’t show up when decisions to move are deliberate and not arbitrary

Question 3

Generalized cognitive disorders Usually due to

Answer 3

damage that is not limited to one brain area, but can manifest across multiple brain regions

ex. closed-head injuries (when the brain is damaged due to the head hitting another object, but doesn’t pierce the brain), dementias, multiple sclerosis

Question 4

Psychopathologies

Answer 4

Mental illnesses

Question 5

Damage to certain brain regions as a consequence of

Answer 5

degeneration or disease can be associated with the development of sets of symptoms such as those associated with anxiety, depression, schizophrenia

Question 6

PTSD

Answer 6

• Persistence of intense, distressing avoidance of stimuli that remind someone of a triggering event (Shalev et al., 2017)
• Consequence of exposure to traumatic events

Question 7

Fear conditioning: PTSD is associated with

Answer 7

abnormal retention of conditioned fear

fear memory gets very strong.

Question 8

Contextual processing (pratularly PTSD)

Answer 8

hippocampus, medial PFC show altered processing in indivduals with PTSD

Question 9

Hippocampal volume in PTSD

Answer 9

was reduced in combat-exposed veterans who developed PTSD compared to controls

This was also true for the non-combat exposed twins!

Question 10

PTSD treatment outcomes are predicted by

Answer 10

hippocampal size

Question 11

‘COVID brain’

Answer 11

“brain fog”

Question 12

Patients tested over the phone post-COVID-19 show deficits in

Answer 12

various aspects of cognition (e.g. attention, language, memory) – the ‘brain fog’

Question 13

Early reviews of acute COVID brain imaging report ___ which are associated with

Answer 13

white matter hyperintensities

which are associated with cognitive decline

Question 14

Culpability

Answer 14

the degree to which someone is responsible for an action

• e.g. involuntary manslaughter for killing someone while drunk driving, vs. firstdegree murder for deliberately planning to and then killing someone

Question 15

adolescent’s brain and Law

Answer 15

adolescent’s brain is still developing

Question 16

Guilty Knowledge Test / Concealed Information Test

Answer 16

Testing response to something that only a ‘guilty party’ would know

Question 17

Teachers & Brain/Learning

Answer 17

Teachers may still be susceptible to some myths about the brain and how this interacts with the way children learn

Question 18

Dyslexia

Answer 18

an inability to learn to read at an age appropriate level despite having adequate amounts of opportunity, training, and no differences in intelligence

Question 19

(Dyslexia) Deficits with __ awareness

Answer 19

phonological awareness (being able to break a word into phonemes and understand how they are represented)

Question 20

(Dyslexia) Strength of N1 in response to words at kindergarten

Answer 20

Strength of N1 in response to words at kindergarten was predictive of differences in reading performance 2 years later, more so than behavioral assessments

Question 21

White matter hyperintensities are

Answer 21

lesions in the brain that show up as areas of increased brightness when visualised by MRI