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Cog Neuro Final > Class 1,2,3,4 > Flashcards

Class 1,2,3,4 Flashcards

1
Q

Why does philosophy matter?

A
  • It predates the establishment of modern science as we know it
  • The first people to consider questions of the mind were philosophers
  • When we make inferences about natural phenomena based on the empirical data we collect, we are using logic to do so
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2
Q

REDUCTIVE PHYSICALISM

A

Mind is Brain

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3
Q

CARTESIAN DUALISM

A

Mind it totally different from the brain

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4
Q

Aristotle

A

the heart as the seat of the rational soul

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5
Q

Idea behind phrenology

A

Increased usage of a brain region leading to growth of it (Gall & Spurzheim)

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6
Q

mainstreamed phrenology

A

The idea that measuring one’s skull could result in knowledge of an individual’s character led to phrenology’s application in:

  • Job interviews
  • Marriage compatibility tests
  • Arguments against (and also for!) abolitionism
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7
Q

Localization of function found by

A

Paul Broca & Carl Wernicke

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8
Q

Brodmann areas

A

(BAs): cytoarchitectonics

the study of the cellular composition of the central nervous system’s tissues under the microscope.

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9
Q

Empiricism

A

knowledge is gained through sensory experience

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10
Q

rationalism

A

knowledge is gained through reason

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11
Q

Behaviourism

(& its problem)

A

the only objective measurements made are behavioral

Issue with this — we know that some complex mental structures already exist! - “Cells that fire together, wire together”

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12
Q

Modern-day phrenology?

A
  • Without a more rigorous understanding of the methods, it is possible to conceive of what neuroimaging tells us as a ‘new phrenology’
  • However, we also have many different mechanisms in the scientific community to protect against this
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13
Q

Neuroimaging to disprove phrenology

A

No connection between scalp curvature and brain gyrification

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14
Q

Soma

A

Contains essentials for cellular function

  • Nucleus, mitochondria, DNA, ribosomes, enzymes
  • Forms most of grey matter
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15
Q

Dendrites

A
  • Receives signals
  • Many different kinds for making different types of connections
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16
Q

Axon

A

• Carries electrical information along its length

  • Forms most of white matter
  • Sheathed in myelin via glia
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17
Q

Glia (types)

A

4 (main) types

PNS - Schwinn Cell
CNS - Microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes

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18
Q

Astrocytes

A

• Star-like shape

  • Form the blood-brain barrier
  • Protect CNS
  • Role in healing from stroke and spinal cord injuries
  • Supply nutrients to neurons
  • Influence neurochemical communications
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19
Q

Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells

A
  • Responsible for myelination of axons (white matter)
  • Oligodendrocytes in CNS, Schwann cells in PNS
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20
Q

Microglia

A
  • Immune system of the brain
  • Monitors for signals from CNS to be activated
  • Cleans up dead cells
  • Helps with regulation of CNS
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21
Q

Action potential (AP)

A

Fast shift in the membrane potential of a neuron that begins once a certain threshold potential is passed and propagates down the axon

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22
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

Inside of the neuron is maintained at a negative potential compared to the outside

Difference maintained by Na+/K+ pumps in the membrane

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23
Q

Resting State (AP)

A

• Inputs from dendrites raise or lower the potential

• When sum of inputs increases potential to -55 mV (threshold
potential), AP occurs

• Potential needed for voltagegated Na+ channels to open

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24
Q

Depolarization (AP)

A

Voltage-gated Na+ channels open, Na+ enters, cell depolarizes

As cell depolarizes, voltage-gated K+ channels open, K+ leaves cell

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25
Q

Repolarization (AP)

A

At around +40 mV, the Na+ channels close
• This causes the polarity of the membrane to reverse
• But since the K+ channels are still open, the gradient overshoots -70

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26
Q

Hyperpolarization (AP)

A

The gradient overshoots
• K+ channels close at this point, stopping the flow of K+ outward
• Na+/K+ pump restores membrane potential back to -70 mV

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27
Q

Adding up all the PSPs collected from dendrites in the axon and summed at the

A

axon hillock

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28
Q

Neurotransmitter types

A

Amino acids:
• Glutamate (CNS)
• GABA (CNS)

“System” neurotransmitters:
• Acetylcholine
• Dopamine
• Noradrenaline / norepinephrine
• Serotonin

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29
Q

Directions for the brain

A
30
Q

Contralateral

A

Opposite side

31
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Same Side

32
Q

Unilateral

A

one side

33
Q

Bilateral

A

both sides

34
Q

Proximal

A

closer to body center

35
Q

Distal

A

further from body center

36
Q

Spinal Cord is the ___

A

Interface of the PNS/CNS

37
Q

tetraplegia

A

cervical area damage causes - (quadriplegia): loss of function in all four limbs

38
Q

Cranial Nerves

(and where they origonate)

A
  • Nerves that directly come out of the brain (as opposed to spinal cord)
  • 12 in total
  • Olfactory and optic (I and II) originate in cerebrum
  • All other cranial nerves originate in brainstem
39
Q

Medulla

A
  • Part of hindbrain portion of brainstem
  • Contains many cell bodies of cranial nerves (involved in head-related motor and sensory signals)
  • Cranial nerves IX – XII (9-11)originate here
  • Most motor fibers cross from one side of the body to the other at the medulla
  • Contralateral organization of motor
  • Includes neurons that are part of reticular activating system
  • Arousal, attention, sleep-wake cycle
40
Q

Pons

A

Lies superior to medulla and anterior to cerebellum; also part of hindbrain

  • Main connection between cortex and cerebellum
  • Diverse functions, including roles in eye movements, vestibular function (balance)
  • Cranial nerves V – VIII (4-7) originate here
41
Q

Midbrain

A

(Brainstem)
• Part of reticular activating system
• Contains superior and inferior colliculi

  • Inferior colliculus: sound localization
  • Reflexive orienting of attention to sound events
  • Superior colliculus: foveation (focusing of vision)
  • Cranial nerves III and IV (3-4) originate here
42
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • Voluntary movement
  • Coordinated movement
  • Ipsilateral organization with respect to motor control
  • Higher cognitive functions
  • Timing
  • Working memory
43
Q

Case study: No cerebellum?

A

• Damage to or absence of cerebellum interferes with
fine motor skills, coordinated movements like walking: cerebellar ataxia
• Does not mean complete loss of motor movement; slowed development of walking reported

44
Q

Thalamus

A

Diencephalon
• Large bilateral mass of grey matter deep in the brain

• Axons from almost every sensory modality innervate the thalamus

  • Medial geniculate nuclei (audition)
  • Lateral geniculate nuclei (vision)
  • Sensory relay to cortex:
  • Allows for reorganization and fine-tuning of afferent inputs
45
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Diencephalon

  • Ventral to thalamus (hypo = ‘under’)
  • Controls the ANS and endocrine system
  • Hormone release
  • Function: regulation of homeostasis
  • Eating, drinking, sexual behaviors
  • Fight-or-flight response
  • Light-dark cycles, circadian rhythms
46
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

• Multiple subcortical structures
• Striatum: Caudate, putamen, nucleus
accumbens
• Globus pallidus
• Substantia nigra
• Subthalamic nuclei
• Functions
• Preparation and termination of actions
• Motivation and reward

47
Q

Hippocampus

A
  • Located in medial temporal lobes (MTL)
  • Some main functions:
  • Memory consolidation
  • Spatial navigation
48
Q

Amygdala

A
  • Sits above hippocampus in the MTL and made of multiple nuclei
  • Function:
  • Emotion processing
  • Memory modulation
  • Decision-making
  • Fear / reward learning
  • Damage results in impairments in decision-making and emotional processing
49
Q

Amygdala

A
  • Sits above hippocampus in the MTL and made of multiple nuclei
  • Function:
  • Emotion processing
  • Memory modulation
  • Decision-making
  • Fear / reward learning
  • Damage results in impairments in decision-making and emotional processing
50
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

• Most recent evolutionary expansion of the brain

  • Made of up to 6 layers of cells, depending on the area of the cortex
  • Neocortex (6 layers)
  • Allocortex (3-4 layers)
  • 1.5 to 4.5 mm thick
  • Very wrinkled and convoluted
  • Divided into two halves
  • Communicate with each other through:
  • Corpus callosum
  • Anterior commissure
51
Q

Insula

A

Deep within lateral sulcus

  • Primary gustatory cortex (for taste)
  • Also processes feeling of disgust (both physical and moral)
52
Q

Fissure

A

Very deep sulcus

• Sulcus (pl. sulci): valley between gyri

53
Q

Planes

A
54
Q

Neocortex

A

has 6 layers, outermost

55
Q

two sides of the cerebral cortex communicate by

A
  • Corpus callosum
  • Anterior commissure
56
Q

Allocortex

A

3-4 layers

57
Q

Inferior colliculus

A

sound localization
• Reflexive orienting of attention to sound events

58
Q

Superior colliculus

A

foveation (focusing of vision)

59
Q

Dorsal

A

Top

60
Q

Supperior

A

top/dorsal

61
Q

anterior

A

left/to nose

62
Q

rostral

A

Left/to nose

63
Q

Posterior

A

R/Back of head

64
Q

caudal

A

R/back of head

65
Q

Ventral

A

bottom

66
Q

inferrior

A

bottom

67
Q

Sagital/Coronal/Horzontal planes

A
68
Q

PNS divisoins

A

Dorsal: Sensory / afferent

Ventral: Motor / efferent

69
Q

Outputs from dorsal horn come together to form __

A

dorsal root, same for ventral

70
Q

Cell bodies of dorsal root sensory neurons form

A

dorsal root ganglion

71
Q

paraplegia

A

Damage below the cervical area preserves arm function, resulting in paraplegia

Cog Neuro Final (16 decks)

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