Class 19 - Emotion Flashcards
“Emotion consists of ___, _____, and ___
that ____
“Emotion consists of neural circuits (that are at least partially dedicated), response systems, and a feeling state/process that motivates and organizes cognition and action.”
Two models of emotion/parts of emotion
topics of interest in Emotion
- Neural circuitry
- Physiological responses / reactions
- Phenomenological experience or feeling
- Perceptual/cognitive interactions with emotion
Emotinos are ___ in nature
Adaptive in nature: short in duration
Mood vs Emotion
longer-lasting state, trigger / object not easily identifiable, lower in intensity
Feeling vs Emotion
subjective experiences of emotion
Affect vs Emotion
umbrella term for short- and longer-term changes
Discrete emotions
happy, sad, surprised, angry, etc.
• Could be split between ‘basic’ and ‘complex’ emotions
Two-axis model of Emotion
valence and arousal
- Valence: positive/negative (Pleasure or displeasure)
- Arousal: strength of experience (High or low intensity)
James-Lange
physiological and behavioural responses precede feeling
Cannon-Bard
physiology and emotional experience are simultaneous, from two different neural pathways
Schachter-Singer
cognitive appraisal is needed to interpret physiology
Study: injected adrenaline
LeDoux’s ____ pathways
Fast and Slow
Diret and Indirect
Direct path (of Emotion)
(the fast path): Crude processing of a stimulus
- Allows for quick response to potentially dangerous things
- ‘Hardwired’
Indirect path (of Emotion)
(the slow path): More detail on stimulus in exchange for more processing time needed
- Conscious feeling of emotion
- Learned by experience
James Papez proposed
a circuitry for emotion
Hypothalamus, anterior thalamus, cingulate gyrus, hippocampus
Paul MacLean: coined
‘limbic system’
• Building on Papez’s circuit, included other areas around the rim of corpus callosum
Amygdaloid complex
multiple sub-nuclei with distinct cytoarchitecture and connections
- Basolateral nuclei*
- Central and medial nuclei*
- Cortical nucleus*
Basolateral nuclei
inputs to and from a variety of cortical regions
Influence learning + memory
Central and medial nuclei
connections to hypothalamus + others
Control of autonomic responses, hormones
Cortical nucleus
connections to hippocampus
Receives info from olfactory bulb
‘emotion hub’
because it
The amygdala
• Integrates sensory input (across modalities)
Direct input from the olfactory bulb
Visual and auditory cues via ‘direct’ thalamic routes
• Rapid, automatic evaluation in direct path (LeDoux’s ‘fast’ path)
LeDoux’s fast and slow pathway for bear (but then actually backpack)
Urbach-Wiethe disease
degeneration of the amygdala
Patient SM
Had Urbach-Wiethe disease
Was otherwise cognitively normal, but could not identify the emotion of fear on someone’s face, and couldn’t show typical expressions of fear
Not because she didn’t understand the concept of fear
Comparing pleasant- and unpleasant-smelling acids in different intensities
increase of activity in higher intensity vs lower intensity irrespective of valance
idea: mabey Amigdala is coding for arousal
___ change with learning
Connections from basolateral nuclei to either nucleus accumbens (involved in reward) or centromedial nuclei (associated here with fear) change with learning
AMPA to MNDA receptor density (more AMPA expressed- more learning see)
AMPA to NMDA receptor ratio
AMPA and NMDA receptors and types of learning
fear response - see basolateral nuclei to Nucleous Accumbins (involved in reward) - AMPA to NMDA ratio decreases (but if rewarding - ratio increases)
see basolateral nuclei to centromedial nuclei (associated here with fear) - AMPA to NMDA ratio increases (But if rewarding - decrease ratio)
Patient S.P.
Dissociation of implicit and explicit learning
Even though the relationship between a conditioned and unconditioned stimulus can be explicitly reported, the physiological response to the US is not elicited by the CS (i.e. no conditioned response is generated)
Emotionally arousing information is remembered __
more,
but this is not seen in people who have amygdalar damage
Blocking norepinephrine receptors reduced recall of __
Sugessting ___
emotional segments of a story,
suggesting a role of stress hormones in amygdala-facilitated memory
Noradrenaline (Overview)
Emotions and decision-making involves a ____ model
Dual process approach/model
Dual process approach/model
Passion vs. Reason
Emotions vs. Cognition
Envolves 2 systems
System 1
(emotional reactivity)
- Automatic
- No voluntary control
- Driven by affective impulses
System 2
Cognative Control
- Deliberative
- Effortful and computational
- Driven by rule-based thought
Loss aversion
the tendency to weigh losses more than gains in making decisions
Neural activity in the amygdala in response to losses compared to gains indicated
(higher activity =) higher loss aversion;
blocking ____ can reduce loss aversion
arousal (e.g. effects of noradrenaline) can reduce loss aversion
Eye-tracking demonstrated that S.M. wasn’t
looking at the eyes, which control participants were doing
When told to look at the eyes, S.M. could ___
Sugessting ___
identify fear! (Fear is best characterized by the eyes)
Suggests role of amygdala in automatic / bottom-up control of gaze
Reappraisal
reassessing an emotional response or reframing one’s thoughts around a situation, aiming to change the emotional response (often to reduce negative affect)
cognitive appraisal can play a role in how we experience
emotions, from the situation to the response
(Recall the Schachter-Singer model)
Cognitive reappraisal typically involves several ___ areas and the ___
prefrontal areas and anterior cingulate cortex (recall these areas’ roles in cognitive control!)
gender differences in brain areas associated with reappraisal
women found to have more activity in ventral striatum during reappraisal, suggesting a role of positive emotion in reappraisal
What is the point of emotions
communicate
resonse/apprach/avodance
