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Cog Neuro Final > Class 19 - Emotion > Flashcards

Class 19 - Emotion Flashcards

1
Q

“Emotion consists of ___, _____, and ___

that ____

A

“Emotion consists of neural circuits (that are at least partially dedicated), response systems, and a feeling state/process that motivates and organizes cognition and action.”

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2
Q

Two models of emotion/parts of emotion

A
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3
Q

topics of interest in Emotion

A
  • Neural circuitry
  • Physiological responses / reactions
  • Phenomenological experience or feeling
  • Perceptual/cognitive interactions with emotion
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4
Q

Emotinos are ___ in nature

A

Adaptive in nature: short in duration

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5
Q

Mood vs Emotion

A

longer-lasting state, trigger / object not easily identifiable, lower in intensity

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6
Q

Feeling vs Emotion

A

subjective experiences of emotion

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7
Q

Affect vs Emotion

A

umbrella term for short- and longer-term changes

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8
Q

Discrete emotions

A

happy, sad, surprised, angry, etc.

• Could be split between ‘basic’ and ‘complex’ emotions

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9
Q

Two-axis model of Emotion

A

valence and arousal

  • Valence: positive/negative (Pleasure or displeasure)
  • Arousal: strength of experience (High or low intensity)
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10
Q

James-Lange

A

physiological and behavioural responses precede feeling

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11
Q

Cannon-Bard

A

physiology and emotional experience are simultaneous, from two different neural pathways

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12
Q

Schachter-Singer

A

cognitive appraisal is needed to interpret physiology

Study: injected adrenaline

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13
Q

LeDoux’s ____ pathways

A

Fast and Slow

Diret and Indirect

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14
Q

Direct path (of Emotion)

A

(the fast path): Crude processing of a stimulus

  • Allows for quick response to potentially dangerous things
  • ‘Hardwired’
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15
Q

Indirect path (of Emotion)

A

(the slow path): More detail on stimulus in exchange for more processing time needed

  • Conscious feeling of emotion
  • Learned by experience
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16
Q

James Papez proposed

A

a circuitry for emotion

Hypothalamus, anterior thalamus, cingulate gyrus, hippocampus

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17
Q

Paul MacLean: coined

A

‘limbic system’

• Building on Papez’s circuit, included other areas around the rim of corpus callosum

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18
Q

Amygdaloid complex

A

multiple sub-nuclei with distinct cytoarchitecture and connections

  • Basolateral nuclei*
  • Central and medial nuclei*
  • Cortical nucleus*
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19
Q

Basolateral nuclei

A

inputs to and from a variety of cortical regions

Influence learning + memory

20
Q

Central and medial nuclei

A

connections to hypothalamus + others

Control of autonomic responses, hormones

21
Q

Cortical nucleus

A

connections to hippocampus

Receives info from olfactory bulb

22
Q

‘emotion hub’

because it

A

The amygdala

• Integrates sensory input (across modalities)

Direct input from the olfactory bulb

Visual and auditory cues via ‘direct’ thalamic routes

• Rapid, automatic evaluation in direct path (LeDoux’s ‘fast’ path)

23
Q

LeDoux’s fast and slow pathway for bear (but then actually backpack)

A
24
Q

Urbach-Wiethe disease

A

degeneration of the amygdala

25
Q

Patient SM

A

Had Urbach-Wiethe disease

Was otherwise cognitively normal, but could not identify the emotion of fear on someone’s face, and couldn’t show typical expressions of fear

Not because she didn’t understand the concept of fear

26
Q

Comparing pleasant- and unpleasant-smelling acids in different intensities

A

increase of activity in higher intensity vs lower intensity irrespective of valance

idea: mabey Amigdala is coding for arousal

27
Q

___ change with learning

A

Connections from basolateral nuclei to either nucleus accumbens (involved in reward) or centromedial nuclei (associated here with fear) change with learning

AMPA to MNDA receptor density (more AMPA expressed- more learning see)

AMPA to NMDA receptor ratio

28
Q

AMPA and NMDA receptors and types of learning

A

fear response - see basolateral nuclei to Nucleous Accumbins (involved in reward) - AMPA to NMDA ratio decreases (but if rewarding - ratio increases)

see basolateral nuclei to centromedial nuclei (associated here with fear) - AMPA to NMDA ratio increases (But if rewarding - decrease ratio)

29
Q

Patient S.P.

A

Dissociation of implicit and explicit learning

Even though the relationship between a conditioned and unconditioned stimulus can be explicitly reported, the physiological response to the US is not elicited by the CS (i.e. no conditioned response is generated)

30
Q

Emotionally arousing information is remembered __

A

more,

but this is not seen in people who have amygdalar damage

31
Q

Blocking norepinephrine receptors reduced recall of __

Sugessting ___

A

emotional segments of a story,

suggesting a role of stress hormones in amygdala-facilitated memory

32
Q

Noradrenaline (Overview)

A
33
Q

Emotions and decision-making involves a ____ model

A

Dual process approach/model

34
Q

Dual process approach/model

A

Passion vs. Reason

Emotions vs. Cognition

Envolves 2 systems

35
Q

System 1

A

(emotional reactivity)

  • Automatic
  • No voluntary control
  • Driven by affective impulses
36
Q

System 2

A

Cognative Control

  • Deliberative
  • Effortful and computational
  • Driven by rule-based thought
37
Q

Loss aversion

A

the tendency to weigh losses more than gains in making decisions

38
Q

Neural activity in the amygdala in response to losses compared to gains indicated

A

(higher activity =) higher loss aversion;

39
Q

blocking ____ can reduce loss aversion

A

arousal (e.g. effects of noradrenaline) can reduce loss aversion

40
Q

Eye-tracking demonstrated that S.M. wasn’t

A

looking at the eyes, which control participants were doing

41
Q

When told to look at the eyes, S.M. could ___

Sugessting ___

A

identify fear! (Fear is best characterized by the eyes)

Suggests role of amygdala in automatic / bottom-up control of gaze

42
Q

Reappraisal

A

reassessing an emotional response or reframing one’s thoughts around a situation, aiming to change the emotional response (often to reduce negative affect)

43
Q

cognitive appraisal can play a role in how we experience

A

emotions, from the situation to the response

(Recall the Schachter-Singer model)

44
Q

Cognitive reappraisal typically involves several ___ areas and the ___

A

prefrontal areas and anterior cingulate cortex (recall these areas’ roles in cognitive control!)

45
Q

gender differences in brain areas associated with reappraisal

A

women found to have more activity in ventral striatum during reappraisal, suggesting a role of positive emotion in reappraisal

46
Q

What is the point of emotions

A

communicate

resonse/apprach/avodance

Cog Neuro Final (16 decks)

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