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Cog Neuro Final > Class 15 pt.2 > Flashcards

Class 15 pt.2 Flashcards

1
Q

What was intact with HM

A
  • Short-term memory
  • Childhood memories
  • Ability to learn new tasks and skills
  • Above-normal IQ (117)
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2
Q

What was impaired with HM

A
  • No new memories for facts and events (declarative memory)
  • Cannot learn information about surroundings
  • Cannot remember names or faces of people who he met after his operation
  • Loss of memory from 2 years prior to surgery
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3
Q

Flow Chart of memory

A
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4
Q

Memory is

A

the presistance of learning

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5
Q

Delarative memory

A

explicit memory

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6
Q

Events

A

Episodic Memory

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7
Q

Facts

A

Semantic Memory

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8
Q

Non declarative memory

A

implicit memory

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9
Q

Aplysia

A

A simple nervous system

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10
Q

Amnesia

A

loss of memory and/or loss of the ability to learn

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11
Q

Storage in LTM requires

A

consolidation

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12
Q

Testing the gill withdrawal reflex

A

repeated touching reduces vesicles available

Reaped touchings less and less withdrawl

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13
Q

Hebbian assemblies

A

“cells that fire together wire together”

  • Stimulus activates a cell assembly (reciprocally connected and distributed set of cells)
  • Persistence of activation leads to strengthening of assembly’s connections
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14
Q

Activity-dependent change in synaptic networks can

A

support many different kinds of memory

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15
Q

Excitatory connections between different regions of the hippocampus demonstrate

A

Hebbian learning

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16
Q

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

A

Long-lasting increase in synaptic activation

• Happens with repeated patterns of activation close in time

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17
Q

LTP is mediated by

A
  • NMDA and AMPA receptor activity at the post synaptic neuron
  • Both are ionotropic glutamate receptors
  • Mostly post-synaptic changes (increase in # of receptors)
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18
Q

Antrograde

A

Everythign afer moment of trama

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19
Q

retrograde

A

before moment of trama

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20
Q

A strong EPSP at one site can help potentiate nearby synapses that also release glutamate, leading to the

A

strengthening of that other synapse

(electric depolrization can travel to close by neurons)

21
Q

Long-term depression (LTD)

A

Long-lasting decrease in synaptic activation

22
Q

LTD is important for

A

plasticity, such as in clearing out old memory traces

unlearning an accosation (PTSD) - when learned assocation is no longer adaptive

23
Q

LTD is a reuslt of

A

Mainly result of decreased postsynaptic receptor density and some presynaptic decreases in NT release

  • AMPA recptors being removed
24
Q

Non assocative learning

A

habituation, sensatization

25
Q

Classical conditioning

A

happen closely in time they get assocated together - expect something to happen with inital sitmulus

Shift from reacting to antisapating

26
Q

is where condition and uncondtion stimulus is stored

A

cerabellum

27
Q

Subsequent activation by part of a stimulus will activate the

A

entire representation via the reciprocal connections

“Memory Trace”

28
Q

Consequences of hebbian assemblies

A
  • A ‘memory trace’ can be widely distributed
  • The same neurons involved in sensory processing also participate in memory
  • Partial destruction of the assembly may not cause loss of all memory
  • Activity-dependent change in synaptic networks can thus support many different kinds of memory
29
Q

NMDA receptor and LTP

A

Three properties associated with LTP (and learning):

Cooperativity: more than one input active at once

Associativity: weak inputs boosted when paired with a stronger imput

Specificity: occurs at specific synapse

30
Q

NMDA sites

A

glutamate site but also Mg block, sits in recptor

post synaptic neuron depolarized, Mg is pushed out of chanel

results in opening of chanel

Ca can enter via NMDA recptor into post synaptic cell

31
Q

4 steps of NMDA recptor and LTP

A

Postsynaptic neuron is depolarized via non-NMDA receptors

Depolarization of postsynaptic neuron pushes out Mg2+ from NMDA receptor

Opening of NMDA receptor allows entry of Ca2+ into postsynaptic cell

This can include insertion of AMPA receptors into the membrane (either ones already readymade or via protein synthesis

32
Q

LTP does not envolve which of the folowing

A

Signaling of Mg2+ within the post synaptic neuron

  • it is the Ca2+ that does the post synaptic neuron signaling
33
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

inability to learn new things

34
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

loss of memory for events before trama

35
Q

temporally limited

A

when retrograde amnesia exteens bacl only a few minutes or hours

36
Q

Temporal gradent or Ribot’s Law id

A

the effect that retrograde amnesia tends to be the greatest for most recent events

37
Q

Hebb’s Law

A

cells that fire together wire together

38
Q

Hebbian Learning

A

mechanism of learning is the strengthing of sysaptic connections that results when a weak input and a strong input act on a cell at the same time

39
Q

Neurons in the hippocampus must be ___, meaning that they have the ability to ____ synaptic interactions

A

plastic

change

40
Q

three major excitatory neuronal pathways of the hippocampus that extend from ____ to ___

A

from the subiculum to the CA1 cells

  • the perforant pathway
  • the mossay fibers
  • the schaffer collaterals
41
Q

The perforant pathway

A

neurons from the entorhinal cortex travel by the subiculum along this pathway and synapse with granule cells that have distincive looking unmylenated axons known as mossy fibers

42
Q

The mossy fibers

A

granule cells that have distincive looking unmylenated axons known as mossy fibers which connect the dentate gyrus to the dendritic spines of the hippocamal CA3 paramidal cells

43
Q

Schaffer collaterals

A

CA3 paramidal cells connect to the CA1 paramidal cells by axon collaterals known as Schaffer collaterals

44
Q

Stimulating the axons of the perforant pathway results in

A

long term increase in the magnitude of excitatory post synaptic potentals leading to greater synaptic strength

known as LTP

45
Q

When pulses are presented slowly (as low frequency pulses) the ___ effect is seen

A

opposite or LTD

46
Q

Three properties of LTP in CA1 synapses

A
  • Cooperativity
  • Associativity
  • Specificity
47
Q

Blocking LTP prevents

A

normal spatial memory (blocking NMDA recpetors prevents LTP)

48
Q

NMDA recptors may be needed for ___ but not __

A

for learning a spatial strategy but not to encode a new map

Cog Neuro Final (16 decks)

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