Class 9 Flashcards
Are Interracial Interactions challenging?
(+ Stroop study)
YES Interracial Interactions Can be Challenging
Participants went through a same-race or cross-race interaction for 10-15 minutes
Afterwards, participants completed a measure of ‘executive control’, the Stroop Task
Finally, participants completed an IAT.
FINDINGS: Participants who reported more implicit bias on the IAT had the most difficulty on the Stroop Task following a cross-race interaction
What is one strong predictor of the quality of intergroup interactions?
one’s motivation to control prejudiced responses.
Divided into: ‘internal motivation’ and ‘external motivation
What is Internal Motivation to Control Prejudice?
Ex. It is in your values to be non-prejudiced
Because of my personal values, I believe that using stereotypes about Black people is wrong.
Being nonprejudiced toward Black people is important to my self-concept
What is External Motivation to Control Prejudice?
Ex. More on image and ppls perception
I try to act nonprejudiced toward Black people because of pressure from others.
I try to hide any negative thoughts about Black people in order to avoid negative reactions from others
Check notes for slide 7
What is different about people high in internal versus people high in external motivation in cross race interaction?
White participants high in internal motivation are concerned about showing respect towards Black interaction partners.
White participants high in external motivation are more self-focused, concerned about not appearing prejudiced in the eyes of the Black interaction partner
What are External motivation to control prejudice?
- worried about looking prejudiced
- Self-focused behavioral intentions
(I focused a lot on my own behaviors and action)
What are Internal motivation to control prejudice?
- Concerns about being respectful
- Partner-focused behavioral intentions
(I tried to learn a lot about the person)
-Actual respectful behavior in interactions (evaluated by independent coder)
What is the The Contact Hypothesis?
Interpersonal contact between groups will improve intergroup relation
What are Benefits of Intergroup Contact?
*Increased knowledge about outgroup
*Increased empathy with outgroup
*Reduced intergroup anxiety
What are the five Optimal Conditions for Contact?
1.Support of authorities
2.Equal status
3.Common goals
4.Cooperation
5.Contact as individuals
Optimal Conditions for Contact
- Support of Authorities
Authorities support friendly and egalitarian contact and interactions between groups
(Ex. police, church, bosses)
IRL ex. When segregation ended officers escorted black kids to school
Optimal Conditions for Contact
2.Equal status
Members of groups have similar social status within a situation
(Ex. both in the army at same rank)
How can we test if equal status impacts successful contact?
Status and Contact Study (Blanchard, Weigel, & Cook, 1975)
*White participants do a cooperative task with Black actor.
*Partner was then made to be equal or lower in status (manipulated by level of competence on the task)
*Partners then succeeded or failed
RESULTS: Ppl who failed and partner was low status liked their partner less
What is the main point of status on contact?
Cooperation backfires when a clear status hierarchy exists
Optimal Conditions for Contact
3.Common goals
Groups share a common goal
*(don’t have to be actively cooperating
Ex. all students trying to pass, all in same sports team,
Optimal Conditions for Contact
4.Cooperation
Groups work together to attain common goals
(ex. pass a test, get extra dessert, etc)
What was found on cooperation study with college athletes?
White college athletes were participants.
*“Contact” = % of non-White players in each sport.
*Individual vs. team sports
*Measured prejudice toward African Americans
FOUND: People in group sports with high exposure were less prejudiced
Optimal Conditions for Contact
5.Contact as individuals
Opportunities to know outgroup members as individuals in informal settings
(not during work etc.)
What are the four reasons people hesitate to initiate intergroup friendships?
1.Worry they won’t know how to act
2.Anticipate anxiety
3.Expect to have a more negative experience than reality suggests.
4.Worry about rejection
*White People: Black people will think they’re prejudiced
*Black People: White people hold negative stereotypes about their group
*Both assume the other isn’t interested
When making friends, people are scared to get rejected.
Do people assume others have the same fear?
No! people assume that others just aren’t interested
(we don’t think that others might be worried about being rejected too)
What differences were found when people forecasted how positive an interaction would go, VS how the interaction actually was?
Found that it was better then they thought it would be
Do indirect forms of contact reduce prejudice?
*Extended Contact
*Imagining Contact
*‘Parasocial’ Contact
Yes, but not as much as direct contact
What is Extended Contact?
Having a friend who has an outgroup friend
Why?
*Reduces intergroup anxiety
“If Dave is friends with Muslims, then maybe it’s not that big of a deal”
*Changes perception of norms
“It’s not that weird to be friends with Muslims”
*Cognitive consistency
“The friend of my friend must also be my…friend?
What is imagining contact?
Imagining an interaction with other race person
What is parasocial contact?
Experiences with outgroup members via mass communication (ex. social media)
Movies, influences, singers etc
What is found with Negative intergroup contact?
Negative experiences with outgroup members that results in increased prejudice
*Less common than positive contact, but more influential on prejudice when it does happen
(one negative interaction is a bigger impact then on positive interaction)
Why might negative experiences with outgroup members be more influential when it does happen?
If you have a negative encounter with an outgroup member, you’re more likely to generalize to their entire outgroup (compared to having a positive encounter
What is a A Downside to Contact?
For members of advantaged groups, greater intergroup contact is associated with higher support for social change.
For members of disadvantaged groups, greater intergroup contact is associated with lower support for social change. (Pacifying effect)
What was the only outcome that was positively associated with intergroup contact?
(in the downside to contact study)
s “willingness to work in solidarity”.
Willingness to work in solidarity assessed the degree to which group members would form intergroup connections to bring about justice
What are Long-Term Effects of Contact in UK?
Individuals in areas of the UK where more WW2 Black troops were posted are more tolerant towards minorities 60 years after the last troops left
(Even though those ppl that knew the black troops wouldn’t be doing IAT’s now)
WHY?
Effects must be at least partly due to “intergenerational transmission” and the power of cultural norms
What is the study of College Roommates as a Contact Intervention?
first-year roommates were randomly assigned
White participants with a cross-race roommate reported more racial outgroup friends by the end of the academic year
Then ppl asked to do meeting with POC confederate on affirmative action
FOUND:
White participants who had a cross-race roommate demonstrated more positive behavior (both verbal and non-verbal) during the interaction than White participants who had a same-race roommate
