Class 15 Flashcards
What did an audit study with white and black names on resumes find?
Less likely to get callback when black name
If you wanted to predict who is going to Church Sunday, what are the three ways u can predict behaviour?
- Global attitude
“How much do you like Christianity? - Attitude toward specific target
“How much do you like attending church worship service?” - Attitude toward behavior in a given time, target, & context
“How much do you like attending your church’s worship service next Sunday?”
If you wanted to predict who is going to vote in favour of giving Mexicans legal status, what are the three ways u can predict behaviour?
- Global attitude
“How much do you like Mexicans?” - Attitude toward specific target
“How much do you like undocumented Mexican immigrants?” - Attitude toward behavior in a given time, target, & context
“For the upcoming election, how much do you support giving undocumented Mexican immigrants a path to legal status?”
What are the evolving social norms around hate crimes?
More hate crimes happening: Maybe people see others commit them and think its acceptable
(it will push those who were already considering committing one - not average ppl)
What changed with hate crimes after 2016 election?
Massive spike in hate crimes
- Assumption: “A lot of people voted for him and agrees with what he says= SO hate crimes must be acceptable”
Explain the study on
“how prejudiced are you and others to _____ group”?
Measured this before and after election
FOUND:
Self reported prejudice goes down
Why? Maybe they compare it with the group norm
So their perception of what ppl find acceptable changed (they thought more ppl were prejudiced)
(so they rate themselves as less compared to an average)
Explain the following study:
one study at the University of Wisconsin, exposure to messages about social norms of combatting prejudice
Video to minority students
- saying that fellow staff and students all support diversity heavily
FOUND:
Minority students reported two weeks later that their ”advantaged student” peers treated them with more respect and behaved more inclusively.
Interestingly: participants who were advantaged students did not self-report actually behaving in a more respectful or inclusive manner
field” study looked at the effect of the diversity video on actual classroom achievement in STEM courses (randomly assigning different sections within the same course to see the video vs. a short statement in the syllabus)
What was found?
Minority students did better when they were shown video
Possibly less cognitive load (less wondering if an action was racist)
What is a Internal Motivation to Respond without Prejudice?
Motivation to be unprejudiced for its own sake
Internal Motivation to Respond without Prejudice:
Examples =
*“I attempt to act in nonprejudiced ways toward Black people because it is personally important to me.”
*“I am personally motivated by my beliefs to be nonprejudiced toward Black people.
What is an External Motivation to Respond without Prejudice?
Motivations to appear unprejudiced to others
What are some examples of an External Motivation to Respond without Prejudice?
*“I try to act nonprejudiced toward Black people because of pressure from others.”
*“Because of today’s PC (politically correct) standards I try to appear nonprejudiced toward Black people.”
How is Internal motivation correlated to prejudice?
is weakly to moderately negatively related to prejudice
How is external motivation correlated to prejudice?
is weakly positively related to prejudice
Are internal and external motivation correlated with each other?
motivation are not really correlated with each other (r = .03)
What are Motivations to Express Prejudice?
“My beliefs motivate me to express negative feelings about Black people”,
“Minimizing my contact with Black people is personally important to me.”
Percentage of participants above the scale midpoint when scale was about…
- Race: 7.0%
- Sexual Orientation: 6.5%
- Political Orientation: 14.3%
(How many ppl more then average on motivation to express)
Factors that impact ability to control prejudiced behavior:
*Time of day
*Age reduces the ability to inhibit automatic impulses
*Alcohol reduces inhibition
*Cognitive resources
One study randomly assigned participants to either get a full nights rest or to stay up for the entire night, what did they find with first person shooter task?
Racial bias increased for participants who lacked rest.
- Shot unarmed black ppl more
How did the shock levels differ in the Milgram study?
Shock levels ranged from 15 volts (slight shock) to 450 volts (danger: severe shock)
During the experiment, the confederate begins to scream in pain and demand that the experiment end
*Later the confederate stops making any sounds, indicating he may be possibly injured or dead
What happens If the participant does not obey during the study?
An experimenter in a white lab coat instructs the participant to continue with the experiment
“Please continue.”
“The experiment requires that you continue.”
What were the results of Milgram’s study?
Everyone went up to at least 300 volts (when the confederate began to pound on the wall)
- But 65 percent went all the way to the end after that
- Everyone who reached 375 volts continued to the end
Explain the forces that influence obedience?
- Proximity
- Social Power
- Social Status
Proximity: If you are physically or socially closer to the victim, you were less likely to comply
Social Power: If the experimenter is perceived to be less powerful, you’re less likely to comply.
- Experimenters that gave order over telephone or were contradicted by another experimenter
Social Status: If the setting conveys authority, you’re more likely to comply
Why People Obeyed: “No Exit”
Attempts to leave the situation are blocked by the authority
*In Milgram’s study, participants called attention to the learner, said they didn’t want to continue, and so on, but most continued anyway
Why People Obeyed: in Germany
Prejudicial norms against Jews and other minorities were universal across Nazi Germany. No way to escape without emigrating
Why People Obeyed: Participants were motivated to “follow the rules”
- The experimenter ignored reasons offered by the participant
- The confused participant conformed to the objective rules established by the experimenter
Why People Obeyed: Feeling of responsibility is transferred to the experimenter
In Milgram study, the experimenter stated that he was responsible for everything that happened
- The experimenter provided a cover for their actions
- E.g.,“It was his fault, I was following orders”
Why People Obeyed: The victim (confederate) was blamed for their situation
“Well, he volunteered for this”
Why People Obeyed: ‘Escalating Commitment’
: Step-by-step situation
- Can arrive at extreme situations in step-by-step process: a “slippery slope”
*In Milgram study, each increment is only 15 volts, so each one seems like a small step, but step-by-step it gets to an extreme point
Explain how radio’s contribute to the Rwandan Genocide?
Radio program to make it acceptable to engage in violence
Life after Genocide: Study Design
- reconciliation-focused soap opera or control soap opera about health
Communities assigned to listen to these
Radio often listened to in group within communities
Reconciliation Soap Opera (New Dawn):
Featured typical Rwandans as protagonists
Roots of prejudice & violence were located in frustration of basic psychological needs
*Trauma is normal and can be healed
FOUND:
*Did not change personal beliefs about prejudice & violence
*Changed perceived norms about how people do and should behave in situations related to prejudice, conflict, & trauma
*Increased empathy for genocide survivors
*More likely to share radio batteries at the end of the stud
