Class 1 Flashcards
What is prejudice?
attitudes toward people based solely on their group
-Can be overt or hidden
-Can be positive or negative
What are sterotypes?
Beliefs about a group of people (e.g., attributes, characteristics, typical behaviors)
-Cognitive
-Generalization (extending beyond known group members)
What are the three key aspects of sterotypes?
*Shared, cultural belief
Accuracy (often based in some truth)
*Descriptive and prescriptive
What is an affect / attitude? (Bias)
Attitude towards a group (positive / negative)
- ex: Prejudice
What is cognition? (With bias)
Based on belief
(Stereotypes)
What is behaviour? (With bias)
Directed at a person
Ex. discrimination
What is discrimination?
Behaviors directed toward people on the basis of their group membership
- Can be:
*Interpersonal
*Organizational
*Institutional
*Cultural
What are the four levels that Intergroup Relations Operate?
- Systems / Institutions
- Groups / Organizations
- Interpersonal Interactions
- Individual minds
Which of the four levels does psychology have the most say over?
- Interpersonal Interactions
- Individual Minds
Explain:
Levels are “Mutually Constitutive”
All interplay with each other
What is an example of Inequality within Systems and Institutions?
Laws, policies
Norms and practices
- Laws might be racially neutral, but are actually targeting a group (ex. crack vs power & jail time)
What is an example of group-based discrimination?
Groups as the level-of-analysis
-How groups interact with each other
-The impact of social movements
-The dominant focus in sociology
Ex. School (banning dreadlocks, technically a neutral policy - but targeting black students)
What is an example of Interpersonal Discrimination?
When one person treats another person differently on the basis of their group membership
(ex. not stopping a white thief, but harassing a black thief)
What is Discrimination Within Individual Minds?
-Personalities
-Perceptions
-Beliefs
-Identity
Explain how cultural practices reinforce inequality?
Inequality and discrimination can be embedded into regular cultural practices
Ex. colourism in magazines, boys vs girls clothes, whitewashing
What is cultural capital?
Social assets of a person that promote social
(ex. white traits - name - might allow you to get further)
(Higher SES helps you get more opportunities in childhood, and can use those as capital in adulthood - ex. lacrosse scholarship)
What is social captial?
Value obtained from interpersonal relationships and social networks.
Ppl use connections to move up and keep higher status (harder for ppl not “in” to move up)
Why is there a motherhood wage gap? (Individual)
Bosses may think that new mothers (versus new fathers) are less committed to their careers
Why is there a motherhood wage gap? (Interpersonal)
Job discrimination against mothers.
- Mothers are perceived as less competent and offered lower starting salary or passed over in promotions
Why is there a motherhood wage gap? (Cultural Norms)
Mothers are the cultural default for childcare
Why is there a motherhood wage gap? (Organizational / institutional)
Workplaces do not accommodate childcare
What is Selective Exposure?
Tendency to selectively seek information that reinforces one’s attitudes, while selectively avoiding information that contradicts one’s attitudes
(Conformation bias)
How do Prejudices and stereotypes work together to justify discrimination?
Shown something culturally deviant (that is stereotypical of an outgroup)
Ex. Racist post about what ppl from mexio look like = Increased support for more restrictive immigration policies
What is a Self-fulfilling Prophecy?
1.People have an expectation about what a person or group is like
2.Which influences how they act toward that person
3.Which causes the person to behave consistently with the expectation
4.Which makes the expectation come true
5.Which provides “proof” that the original expectation was correct
What is the study of the self fulfilling prophesy by Snyder, Tanke, & Berscheid in 1977?
*Men and women had a casual phone conversation
*Men were randomly assigned to receive an attractive or unattractive photo of the woman beforehand
*Coders independently rated the woman’s recording
.*Women who were thought to be attractive were perceived to be:
oMore sociable, warm, interesting, independent, outgoing, funny
