Class 18 Flashcards
Refresher: When Contact Works
(intergroup hypothesis)
- Support of authorities: Authorities support friendly and egalitarian contact and interactions between groups.
- Equal status: Members of groups have similar social status within a situation
- Common goals: Groups have shared objectives.
- Cooperation: Groups work together to attain a common goal.
- Contact as individuals Opportunities to know outgroup members as individual
What is social identity theory?
*We strive to achieve & maintain a positive social identity
*We strive to distinguish our own social groups from other social group
How could we use social identity to reduce prejudice?
Social categorization precedes prejudice, stereotyping & discrimination
Key Idea: Change how we categorize, and intergroup biases will follow
What is Individuation?
Perceiving the person as a unique individual rather than as a group member
What is Recategorization with social category?
Changing the basis by which you socially categorize someone
*Focusing on a different social category
EX: Admired Black Athletes & Disliked White Politicians
What happens if u label IAT:
black / white
or
athlete / politician
Race: Pro white bias
Job: Favour athlete
What is Recategorization with common ingroup identity?
Ingroup vs. Outgroup
“I’m Black and you’re Asian”
Common Ingroup Identity
“We’re both part of this company”
How did ppl use Common Ingroup Identity
- in trans canvasing
- Canvassers first asked each voter to talk about a time when they themselves were judged negatively for being different
- canvassers then encouraged voters to see how their own experience offered a window into transgender people’s experience
- FOUND:
It was effective when u asked someone to see through the lens of being targeted for smth they cant control - Saw an effect 3 months later!
(creating an ingroup identity)
What is the Social Categorization ‘Paradox’ to effectively change stereotypes about their group?
1.Be atypical
2.Be perceived astypical of their group
*This paradox can also apply to how members of stigmatized groups understand role models
What is the study on women role models?
two conditions:
- Similar and Attainable Condition
- Dissimilar and Unattainable Condition
The more you see yourself in these people, the more you feel like u can achieve what they did
(you’ll also do less implicit self stereotyping)
What is the ‘Moral’ Role Models study: ‘Thinking About God’?
One study combined samples of 1) Christians/Hindus/Muslims in Fiji, 2) American Christians, 3) Israeli Jews, and 4) Palestinian Muslim
Across rounds of the game, participants were either told to “think carefully” before responding or to “think about God” before responding
What did they find with the ‘Moral’ Role Models study: ‘Thinking About God’?
- Results found that thinking about God made people more prosocial (i.e., generous) when interacting with a stranger.
- Results were stronger when the stranger was a “fellow believer” –someone who was a different religion (not an atheist) –but generosity also increased towards atheists following the manipulation.
- Though results did not depend on participants’ own perceptions of “ingroup commonality” (how similar they thought people from other religious groups were)
How do we think about changing implicit bias (over time how has it changed)
Used to be: stable and rigid
Now: Malleable and flexible
What are the four intervention strategies they planned to change implicit bias?
- Counterstereotypes
- Values
- Controlling Bias
- Perspective-Taking
- Counterstereotypes
- Well liked black ppl with hated white ppl - Values
- Tell ppl to think about values of multiculturalism - Controlling Bias
- Tell ppl to control biases - Perspective-Taking
- POV taking, how do black ppl feel
Which of these ended up being the most effective?
- Counterstereotypes
- Values
- Controlling Bias
- Perspective-Taking
Counterstereotypes (best) & Strategies to Control Bias are effective for reducing implicit prejudice
Reflecting on Values and Perspective-Taking are not effective for reducing implicit prejudice
To change IAT, what type of interventions were the most helpful?
*Emotional
*Self-relevant
*Targeted INGROUP favoritism & OUTGROUP hatred
But how durable are intervention effects for changing implicit bias?
What does this say about implicit bias?
Did an intervention, then assessed them after a day
pretty much nothing sticks
SO:
Malleable in the short-term, Stable in the long-term
Can we cause long term changes in implicit bias?
Intergroup Contact
(roomate)
Conditioning:
(could do like 225 IAT trials to change temporarily)
Do changes in implicit associations mediate (cause) changes in behavior?
.. These mediation results are not consistent with a causal relationship between change in implicit measures and changes in behavior
What is an Alternative Approach to discrimination?
Treat discrimination as a design problem rather than an attitude/belief problem
When is Discrimination is Likely to Happen?
- Information is unclear or complex
- Decision-making criteria are subjective
(ex. michel or michelle police chief study)
What is the problem of ‘Cultural Fit’ in offices?
Some ppl excluded cuz they don’t “fit in” with the office (can be discriminatory)
To solve:
1.Align your definition of “cultural fit” with your goals
2.Ask structured interview questions
3.Create a checklist for indicators of fit
4.Put constraints on how much fit matters
How to prevent Ambiguity and Subjectivity?
Pre-commit to decision-making criteria
Remove irrelevant group-based info
what is the downside of Prejudice Reduction? (for minorities)
For disadvantaged group members, reducing prejudice toward the advantaged outgroup through intergroup contact can reduce support for collective action to address inequalities
Positive contact with advantaged outgroup leads to…
(3 things)
1.Reduced identification with disadvantaged ingroup
2.Perception that advantaged outgroup as fair
3.Perception that the status quo is legitimate
