Class 5 Flashcards
What is Social Identity?
The aspect of our self-concept that is derived from our group memberships
Via social identity People fundamentally want to:
- Achieve and maintain a positive social identity.
- Distinguish our own social groups from other social groups
What does Tajfel say on Social Identity Theory?
People define themselves as
Full Individual —————Fully rep a group
- Ppl fall along this continuum
We have a self serving bias about group were are in (we exaggerate the positive traits about our groups)
- Ex. every uni has “Special Squirrels”
Could even meaningless groups produce bias? (what is this called)
Minimal Group Paradigm: Creating artificial & arbitrary ingroups/outgroup
Explain the minimal group paradigm study with paintings:
oDivided into meaningless groups
*“Klee” people and “Kandinsky” people
o Participant tasked to Distribute “money” to other participants
o Only given ID and group info
o Results: People favored own group (Ex. Other Klee ppl)
How does our self categorization impact identity?
Our self categorization into different groups will feed into our identity
How is Self-Categorization is Situational?
*Voting
oFocus: Being a Canadian citizen
*Class Lecture
oFocus: Being a student
What do Threats to the ingroup cause?
make identity salient
*E.g., 9/11 → increase in importance of American identity
What is the Optimal Distinctiveness Theory?
People want to strike a balance between their group identities and their personal identities
(Can’t be fully business, want to still be an individual with cool socks!)
How do ads target optimal distinctiveness theory?
Position themselves as individualistic (going against the grain)
- But also a group you can join
(ppl can express being an individual while being in a group)
OPTIMAL DISTINCTIVENESS with Goldilocks:
NOT DISTINCT ENOUGH
*Lack individuality
*Too constraining
OPTIMAL DISTINCTIVENESS
*Distinct, but not too distinct
TOO DISTINCT
*Stigma
*Not included
*Undesirable deviant
What is the Self-Esteem Hypothesis?
Self-esteem is intrinsically linked to group identity (Ex. Clark and Clark doll study)
Implications of the Self-Esteem Hypothesis: Basking in Reflected Glory (BIRGing)?
Celebrating ingroup’s success as your own, but derogation following failure.
*Students more likely to wear college apparel after a football win than football loss(Cialdini, 1976)
*After a tough loss: THEY blew OUR chance to win a championship
Implications of the Self-Esteem Hypothesis: Derogating outgroups
Derogating outgroups can increase self-esteem
Steps:
- Derogate outgroup
- Increased relative standing for ingroup
- More positive social identity
- Increased self-esteem
Implications of the Self-Esteem Hypothesis: What happens when threats to self esteem?
Lowered self-esteem increases the tendency to discriminate against outgroups
*Threats to self-esteem increase outgroup derogation
*People with chronically lower self-esteem are more likely to derogate outgroups
What is Relative Deprivation?
Belief that one is getting less than they deserve relative to:
o Other people or groups
o Some other standard (e.g., the past, expectations)
Relative Deprivation: Who do we compare ourselves with?
We are more likely to compare ourselves against people who are:
Ex. (with my teacher)
*Similar (Also in psyc)
*Relevant (Another prof)
*Proximal (live near me)
-Not gonna compare your life with a 5 year olds
How does relative depravation arise?
Perceive discrepancy between desired outcome and actual outcome.
Belief that discrepancy is undeserved
(Ex. monkey study where one saw other get better treats them him for the same task)
What 2 things makes people believe a discrepancy is undeserved? A perceived lack of…
Distributive Justice: Rewards & costs are justly allocated (e.g., equal work = equal pay)
Procedural Justice: Fairness of procedures for distributing rewards & costs (e.g., meritocracy
Ex. The “occupy Movement” fought that rich ppl were abusing both
(Getting paid more then they work & Unfair procedures for distributing rewards)
(Avoiding taxes & use money to buy political influence)
What are emotional Consequences of relative deprivation?
Discontent, frustration, resentment
Hostility toward perceived source of deprivation
Explain the results of a European study on Relative Deprivation & Anti-Immigrant Prejudice?
Measure personal and group relative deprivation ( “How has immigration impacted…”
o Personal: You vs. other British people like you?
o Group: British people like you vs. West Indians living in Britain (more group based)
*** They found Group deprivation is relevant for anti-immigrant prejudice, personal deprivation is not
How can relative deprivation impact your perception of experienced discrimination?
As black people became less prejudice against
white ppl reported that white ppl were more prejudiced against
(because the relative gap in discrimination got smaller, white ppl see it as more discrimination)
Explain the study on relative deprivation and loans?
Participants told: white ppl receive more loans then latino ppl
Given two conditions:
- Equality-Enhancing Condition: Several banks propose increasing the total amount of mortgage loans to Latino homebuyers by $7.3 billion and not changing the total amount of mortgage loan funding to White homebuyers.
- Status Quo Condition: Several banks propose not changing mortgage loan funding over the next year.
Equality-enhancing policies were rated as more harmful among White participants
Explain the win win vs lose lose study on relative deprivation?
Random assignment to one of two teams: Eagles vs. Rattlers (everyone actually a Rattler).
Rattlers received more bonuses (126) than had Eagles (79) in previous weeks.
- Win-Win Policy Condition: 50 more bonuses to Eagles, 5 more bonuses to Rattlers.
- Lose-Lose Policy Condition: 50 fewer bonuses to Eagles, 5 fewer bonuses to Rattlers.
Among Rattler participants, Win-Win policy was seen as more harmful than the Lose-Lose policy. (would rather lose and maintain status quo then allow other group an advantage)
What is Realistic Conflict Theory?
Intergroup prejudice & discrimination arises from conflicting goals & competition over limited resources
Which famous study used realistic conflict theory?
Robbers cave experiment
What are the three stages of Robbers Cave Study?
Stage 1: Experimental Ingroup Formation
Stage 2: Friction Between Groups
Stage 3: Integration Between Group
According to Realistic Conflict Theory, intergroup prejudice is amplified when… (3 things)
- relationship between groups is perceived as “zero-sum” (think of the tug-of-war in Eagles vs. Rattlers) (Win/Lose)
- There is objective resource scarcity. (only so much dessert)
- There is perceived resource scarcity (shown little dessert)
What is a realistic example of realistic conflict theory?
When threatened (recession)
- Ppl are more restrictive on who belongs to your group
OR
“Only fixed # of jobs in economy”
- Ppl who believe this are more likely to be prejudiced against immigration
