Class 8 Flashcards
What are three traits of d Jim Crow Racism or old-fashioned racism?
1.Whites’ absolute belief in their (biological) superiority over other races
2.A firm belief in racial separation (and subjugation)
3.The use of the government to establish a system of segregation and other forms of discrimination (e.g., curtailing voting rights)
Theories of symbolic and aversive prejudice were originally developed to explain……?
anti-Black prejudice on the part of White people.
These theories have since been extended to other fields
Theories of symbolic and aversive prejudice assume…?
prejudice resides within most White people in some fashion
Today people want to be seen as non-prejudiced.
What is a consequence of this?
People may express prejudices in ways that can be justified on seemingly unprejudiced grounds.
What is symbolic / modern prejudice?
A set of beliefs about Black people as an abstract group rather than as individuals (e.g., “if they would only work harder“)
- Groups seen as inferior because they violate traditional / cultural norm
How is symbolic / modern prejudice expressed?
expressed through specific acts that could be (mostly) justified on a non-racial basis, but that maintain the racial status quo.
o E.g., opposition to welfare & affirmative action, pro-school choice
Explain the difference between old-fashioned and symbolic prejudice?
*Old-Fashioned: biological inferiority
*Symbolic: not about “race” per se; it’s social/political issue
What is a major issue with symbolic prejudice?
How do you distinguish anti-Black prejudice from principled ideological views?
(impossible to tell if it’s just their values or racism)
What are the Key components of symbolic prejudice broadly?
- Move away from biological superiority
- Focus on outgroup violation of shared cultural values (ex. they don’t work)
- Justification of inequality and unfair treatment due to negative internal characteristics of outgroup (ex. they are lazy)
What is Aversive Racism?
Having positive explicit attitudes toward Black people while holding negative implicit attitudes toward Black people
o Characterized by feelings of unease and discomfort rather than hostility
What is the Aversive Prejudice Partner Discomfort Study?
o Non-Black male participants
o Do a word-find task with partner
o Interact with White or Black confederate
measure discomfort with physiological monitor
FIND: People with aversive prejudice are uncomfortable, anxious around minorities
Are aversive racists heavily prejudiced?
Many aversive racists support equality and see themselves as egalitarian
o This results in a strong motivation to appear unprejudiced.
What is Ambivalent Prejudice?
Negative & positive feelings about a group
Non-Black (Ambivalent Prejudiced) people see Black people as:
*Disadvantaged (which elicits a positive sympathy response)
*“Culturally deviant” (which elicits a negative aversion response)
*Being made aware of this mental conflict causes psychological discomfort, which people are motivated to reduce (i.e., cognitive dissonance)
- Can increase negativity or positivity to push attitudes
How might conservatives be susceptible to Ambivalent Prejudice?
High need for structure: might be susceptible cuz they like to resolve tension
What is Response Amplification?
More extreme behavior towards a stigmatized group
o More positive when receiving ‘good’ information
o More negative when receiving ‘bad’ information
What happened in the Ambivalent Persuasion Study?
o Measure ambivalence toward Indigenous peoples
o Receive persuasive information:
*PRO-Indigenous land grants
*ANTI-Indigenous land grants
o Measure attitudes again
FINDINGS: To reduce conflict, ambivalent people swing more extremely to one side or the other
What are traits of explicit prejudice?
Deliberate / slow OR controllable
What are traits of implicit prejudice?
Automatic / Fast OR Difficult to control
In an explicit prejudice test, how do ppl report their prejudice?
As neutral (not favouring one group over the other)
In an implicit prejudice test, how do ppl report their prejudice?
White ppl = more positively to white favoritism
Black ppl = much more even
What two factors contribute to racial IAT score?
- ppl tend to favour their own groups
- We internalize cultural views
Ex. black ppl only have #2 so less skewed, while white ppl have both = more skewed
What Implicit Gender-Science Stereotype were found in study on women/men’s name and type of science?
Men: Associated with harder / physical sciences
Women: Associated with creativity
(does reflect real world issue was less women are in STEM)
Where do implicit prejudices & stereotypes come from? (2 reasons)
- Our understanding of social hierarchy:
What groups in society are higher status - Our personal identity:
Who we are, what our experiences have bee
What is a multicategory IAT?
Can check attitudes for multiple racial groups at a time
What is found in a multicategory IAT?
People rank their groups as best,
rest of their answers follow the socially determined hierarchy
Can IAT predict behaviours?
IAT scores show a (small but consistent) ability to predict a wide variety of real-world behaviors
How can implicit bias appear in employment?
Sample = 192 hiring managers in Sweden
Resumes: Swedish name vs Muslim name
Then sent IAT score to managers
RESULTS: Higher IAT = Give less callbacks to Muslim ppl
How can the IAT predict gender inequality in countries?
Countries with the biggest 8th grade test scores correlates with IAT scores of adults in the countries
(So shows the more biased a country is, the harder it is for minorities to achieve)
When are implicit prejudices especially influential?
- Motivation and ability
- Discretion
- Organizations and institutions
When are implicit prejudices influential?
Motivation and ability:
*Stressed
*Tired
*Drunk
*Lazy
*On a deadline
When are implicit prejudices influential?
Discretion
2a. When criteria for making a decision are unclear
- No clear qualification to look for (more subjective)
2b. When information is ambiguous or incomplete
- Needing elaboration (if none might result to prejudice)
Ex. Michel and Michelle
Up for police job
Michel: Streetwise
Michelle: Formally educated
- We think we need someone street savy
Michel: Formally Educated
Michelle: Streetwise
- We need someone by the book
They have an initial predisposition and will try justify it
When are implicit prejudices influential?
Organizations & Institutions
When policies & systems allow for it
Ex. policy of orchestra changed to blind auditions to knock out nepotism
- Inadvertently more women started to be hired cuz now the implicit bias was removed
- So when policies back up change, it can happen
