Class 6 Flashcards
What happens when you have people rank the social groups by the general social hierarchy?
They are accurate (regardless of race of rankers)
Both people and institutions exist along a hierarchy continuum, what are the two extremes?
Uphold Hierarchy (police)
Hierarchy - attenuating (reduce it)
- Most ppl fall somewhere between the two
How are Hierarchies are a two-way street?
require at least some coordination among both high-status and low-status people
(hierarchy might be familiar, and so ppl gravitate to it)
What is the SDO Scale?
Measure the extent to which you believe society should have group-based hierarchies
Ex.
It is not a problem if some groups have more of a chance in life than others.
Some people are just inferior to others.
Inferior groups should stay in their place
What distribution do people find with SDO?
Most people reject it (not a high number with it)
What three other traits is SDO loosely related to?
- Political Ideology (conservatism)
- Explicit racial preferences (i.e., degree to which White people are preferred over Black people)
- Gender (men)
In a sample of 85 White police officers, greater SDO was associated with…
more actual uses of forces while on patrol
What did high SDO predict about jobs?
higher SDO predicted greater likelihood of working in a hierarchy-enforcing job.
And, working in a hierarchy-enforcing job was associated with long-term increases in SDO
Does SDO cause support for hierarchies, or do people who find themselves in hierarchies develop SDO to support their current situation?
Nour Kteily
“cross-lagged longitudinal design”, which tracked the same individuals over time and repeatedly measured SDO and forms of intergroup prejudice like negativity towards racial/ethnic outgroups.
If SDO is a cause of hierarchies, then changes in SDO should come before changes in negativity expressed towards racial outgroup
FOUND: SDO in your first year of uni is a good predictor of prejudice down the line
What is:
Positive empathy
Schadenfreude
Positive empathy: Feeling positive after seeing someone else experiences positivity.
Schadenfreude: Feeling positive after seeing someone else experiences negativity
How does SDO relate to the experience of empathy and schadenfreude towards racial ingroup and outgroup members?
White participants completed the SDO scale and an intergroup empathy task.
In the empathy task, participants saw a White, Asian or Black person experience something mildly positive or negative (e.g., eating a good sandwich vs. stubbing one’s toe).
After each story (one for each race, one for positive vs. negative), participants reported both how good and how bad they felt upon reading the story
FINDINGS:
Higher SDO= Less positive empathy (espc for outgroup ppl)
Higher SDO = More schadenfreude (espc for outgroup ppl)
How may SDO help maintain intergroup social hierarchies?
(Cuz lack of positive empathy)
blunting or muting empathy towards outgroup members, thereby making it easier to keep them in positions of lower social status.
What is resource scarcity like?
The experience of a scarcity mindset is like being under consistent “cognitive load” and reduces the bandwidth available to pay attention to other concerns in one’s life
How can scarcity effect people IRL?
*Poorer people spend significantly higher portion of their income on lottery tickets.
*Households that bring in less than $10,000 annually put 3% of total income to lotteries.
*A ‘poverty trap’: From 1964-2003 average expected value of a lottery ticket is -.47 $ per dollar spent
Poorer ppl save less (less % of household income)
Poorer ppl = more credit card debt
How does resource scarcity effect someone mentally?
Resource scarcity creates a “different mindset”
*People lower in resources must make sporadic decisions and trade-offs.
*Increases focus on immediate short-term problems
How did researchers Create Scarcity in the Lab?
Theory: ppl with less resources must make sporadic choices
Had ppl play word guessing game
“Rich” players: given 20 guesses
“poor” players: Given 5 guesses (can borrow with interest from their next turn- one extra guess costs two from the next round)
Then do a dot probe task to test reaction time
FOUND: the ppl with less resources (“poor”) were less correct and less fast
- Might explain why poor ppl make suboptimal choices
What are issues with the mall study?
External validity (huge jump from guesses -> habitual poverty)
How did they study scarcity in the real world (india)?
Sugar cane harvesters (paid whole salary for year on one day)
-They are scarce close to pay day, and have much money right after
Some farmers got 10 pts higher on IQ test when taken after pay vs before pay
How is scarcity a big deal on children?
In poor families: $1,000 increase in income raises combined math and reading test scores by 6 percent of a standard deviation in the short run
