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Anatomy & Physiology > Class 8 - THE SKELETON OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND THE THORAX > Flashcards

Class 8 - THE SKELETON OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND THE THORAX Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the vertebral column

A

Support the head, allows for movements and attachment of the muscles of the trunk

Point of attachment for the ribs, pelvic girdle, and upper extremities

Partially supports the trunk and surrounds and protects the spinal cord

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2
Q

Portions of a typical vertebra

A

Body

Vertebral arch

Seven vertebra processes

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3
Q

The body of the vertebra

A

Disc-shaped weight-bearing portion

Rough superior and inferior surfaces for the attachment of intervertebral disc

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4
Q

The vertebral arch

A

Formed by the union of the pedicles and laminae of both side in the middle

Surrounds and protects the spinal cord by forming the vertebral foramen

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5
Q

Vertebral foramen contains

A

Connective tissue, fat, and blood vessels

Surrounds the spinal cord

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6
Q

Intervertebral foramina

A

Space in between the vertebrae that allow for the passage of spinal nerves

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7
Q

The seven vertebral processes

A

Transverse processes (2)

Spinous process (1)

Superior articular processes (2)

Inferior articular processes (2)

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8
Q

Facets joints (planner synovial) are formed by

A

Superior and inferior articular processes

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9
Q

Five regions of the vertebral column

A
  1. Cervical
  2. Thoracic
  3. Lumbar
  4. Sacral
  5. Coccygeal
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10
Q

Number of vertebral curves in fetus and newborn

A

One

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11
Q

Number of vertebral curves in adults

A

Four (after age 10)

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12
Q

Lordosis

A

Concave curve in lateral view

  • Cervical lordosis
  • Lumbar lordosis
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13
Q

Kyphosis

A

Convex curve in the lateral view

  • Thoracic kyphosis
  • Sacro-coccygeal kyphosis
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14
Q

Primary vertebral curvatures

A

Thoracic kyphosis

Sacro-coccygeal kyphosis

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15
Q

Secondary vertebral curvatures

A

Cervical lordosis

Lumbar lordosis

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16
Q

Intervertebral discs are formed by

A

Annulus fibrosus (outer fibrous ring)

Nucleus pulposus (inner soft, elastic substance)

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17
Q

Intervertebral disc form

A

Cartilaginous joints between adjacent bodies and absorb vertical shock

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18
Q

Intervertebral discs lose water during the…

A

Day, due to compression

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19
Q

Intervertebral discs rehydrate…

A

While sleeping

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20
Q

Blood vessels from the body of the vertebrae provide…

Intervertebral discs

A

Nourishment for the avascular intervertebral discs

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21
Q

Nucleus pulposus hardens…

A

With age

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22
Q

Herniated (slipped) disc

A

Excessive pressure on the nucleus pulposus may rupture the annulus fibrosus causing the nucleus pulposus to protrude through the ruptured area

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23
Q

Herniated discs occur most commonly in

A

Lumbar region

Cervical region

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24
Q

Typical cervical vertebrae

A

C3-C6, bifurcated and container transverse foramina

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25
Q

Cervical vertebrae foramina

A

Transverse foramina (2) only present in cervical vertebrae

Vertebral foramen (1)

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26
Q

Atypical cervical vertebrae

A

C1, C2, and C7

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27
Q

Atlas (C1)

A

Has no body, nor spinous process

Has two lateral masses with concave superior articular facets

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28
Q

Axis (C2)

A

Has body with a superior projection (dens)

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29
Q

C7

A

Prominent and transitional vertebrae, has longest spinous process that is not biforcated.

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30
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A

12

Only vertebrae that articulate with the ribs

Longer and larger transverse processes

Spinous processes are long and directed inferiorly

Contain costal facets for the ribs

31
Q

Ligamentum Nuchae

A

Ligament that covers the posterior side of C1-C6 to help keep the neck stable

32
Q

Costal facets articulate with the ribs with the corresponding vertebrae in two joints

A
  1. Costovertebral joint

2. Costotransverse joint

33
Q

Transverse processes contain costal facets for the tubercle of the ribs except on

A

T11 and T12

34
Q

Vertebral bodies contain two semi-facets for the head of the ribs except

A

T10, T11 and T12

They only have one facet

35
Q

Movement of the thoracic region is limited due to two factors

A
  1. Attachment of the semi-rigid rib cage, protecting the thoracic organs
  2. The shingle-like position of the long spinous process
36
Q

Lumbar vertebrae (5)

A

Largest and strongest vertebrae

Spinous processes are short and thick

Spinous processes are quadrangular and project straight posteriorly

One of the most moveable regions of the spine

37
Q

The sacrum (5 fused sacral vertebrae)

A

Triangular in shape located between the hip bones

Strong foundation for the pelvic girdle

38
Q

Sacrum fusion timeline

A

Starts at 16-18, finalizing by 30

39
Q

Women’s sacrum are…

A

Shorter, wider and more curved

40
Q

Sacrum curvatures

A

Anterior aspect is concave

Posterior aspect is convex

41
Q

Sacrum foramina

A

Anterior sacral foramina (4)
Posterior sacral foramina (4)

Communicate with the sacral canal and allow for passage of nerves and blood vessels

42
Q

Sacral promontory

A

Anteriorly projecting border of the broad superior portion (base of sacrum)

43
Q

Sacral hiatus

A

Inferior entrance of the sacral canal

44
Q

Sacral crests

A

Median sacral crest (1)

Lateral sacral crests (2)

45
Q

Articular surfaces of the sacrum

A

Contained on the lateral surfaces, form the sacroiliac (SI) joint with the hip bone

46
Q

Sacral tuberosity

A

Posterior to the articular surfaces for the attachment of ligaments

47
Q

Coccyx

A

3-5 fused coccygeal vertebrae

Triangular shape

48
Q

Coccygeal vertebrae fuse around age…

A

20-30

49
Q

Coccyx articulates superiorly with…

A

Apex of the sacrum

50
Q

Coccyx points…

A

Inferiorly in females

Anteriorly in males

51
Q

Thorax consist of

A

The sternum
12 pairs of ribs
12 thoracic vertebrae

52
Q

The sternum consists of

A

Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process

53
Q

Sternal angle

A

Junction of the manubrium and the body of the sternum

54
Q

The sternal angle is a landmark for…

A

Site of attachment of the 2nd rib

55
Q

The suprasternal (jugular) notch is a landmark for…

A

Palpation of the trachea

56
Q

The xiphoid process is a landmark for…

A

Attachment of the 7th rib

Subcostal angle

57
Q

Sternum provides attachment to…

A

The clavicles
The ribs
Muscles of the neck, thorax and abdomen

58
Q

Xiphoid process ossifies around age…

A

40

59
Q

Ribs increase progressively in length from…

A

1st to 7th

60
Q

Ribs decrease progressively in size from…

A

8th to 12th

61
Q

Costal cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage on the anterior end of each rib

62
Q

True ribs

A

Ribs 1-7

Attach directly to the sternum via sternocostal joints (synovial)

63
Q

False ribs

A

8-12

Either attach indirectly or do not attach to the sternum

64
Q

All ribs articulate with…

A

Their corresponding thoracic vertebrae

65
Q

Vertebrosternal ribs

A

True ribs

66
Q

Vertebrochondral ribs

A

False ribs

67
Q

Floating ribs

A

11 & 12, do not attach to the sternum at all

68
Q

Costal margin

A

Cartilage of 8th, 9th & 10th ribs attach one another and joint cartilage of the 7th rib

69
Q

Subcostal angle

A

Where the two costal margins meet at the xiphoid process

70
Q

Measuring the subcostal angle may help…

A

Define the body type of an individual

71
Q

Mesomorphic

A

Subcostal angle is 90 degrees

72
Q

Ectomorphic

A

Subcostal angle is more that 90 degrees

73
Q

Endomorphic

A

Subcostal angle is less than 90 degrees

Anatomy & Physiology (9 decks)

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