Class 8 Population Health & Vaccine Preventable Disease Flashcards
WHEN DO YOU INITIATE IMMUNIZATION?
Passive immunity from mother is lost
Communicable diseases are a real risk to the infant
Immune system capable of an adequate response
What about prematurity???
Condition that significantly
increases the chance that a serious adverse event will occur if the vaccine is given
Contraindication
What are a vaccine considerations
Contraindications - Condition that significantly
increases the chance that a serious adverse event will occur if the vaccine is given
Anaphylaxis to a component of the vaccine
Significant immunosuppression (live vaccines only)
Pregnancy (live vaccines only)
Vaccine ingredient specific contraindications need to be
reviewed in advance
What is a strong contraindicator
Anaphylaxis to a component in the vaccine
Signs:
Sneezing, coughing
• Itchiness
• “pins & needles”
• Flushing
• Facial edema • Hives • Respiratory difficulties • Shock/collapse • Anxiety
Anaphylactic Shock
Signs:
Pallor Slow pulse Saliva Nausea Vomiting Sweating
Syncopal Episode
What are ways to promote quality of immunization
Administration of vaccination
Drawing & administering
Safe disposal of vaccines & needles
Waiting period post-vaccination
Documentation
Individual/population
AEFI (reporting mechanism)
Maintaining Proper Storage Conditions
Maintaining the cold
chain/Fridges/Transporting
Provincial Registry – PHIMS
Mode of Transmission
— Direct Contact, Indirect Contact
Incubation
— 2-5 days
Communicability
— Untreated - 2 weeks to several months
— Treated – 2 to 4 weeks
Reservoir
—Human Carriers
Clinical Presentation – Greyish spots on
tonsils, sore throat, enlarged lymph nodes, swelling & edema of the neck
Complications – Damage to heart muscle,breathing problems, paralysis
— 1 in 10 die (5-10%) case fatality rate
Control measures — Immunization, Antibiotics,
Isolation and disinfection of contact article
(((Do not have to know/memorize)***
DIPHTHERIA
*do mot memorize
Reservoir
– Human Carriers, children & infants are more affected
Clinical Presentation – fever, sore throat, muscle
syndrome, aches, drowsiness, headache, N & V, stiffness of the neck and back with or without flaccid paralysis, muscle aches
— 90% asymptomatic
— 4 – 8% minor illness for a few days
— 1 – 5% viral meningitis
— 1% flaccid paralysis
Complications – paralysis, death, post-___
Control measures - Vaccination, Isolation & Disinfection of contact articles
Global Goal - Eradication of polio
Eradicated in Western Hemisphere in 1994 but not Worldwide
POLIOMYELITIS
Mode of Transmission — Direct contact with respiratory
secretions
Incubation
• 6-20 days, usually 7-10 days
Communicability
• To 3 weeks after onset of paroxysmal cough if not treated
Reservoir – Humans
Clinical presentation - begins with low grade fever, runny nose, mild cough (7-10 days) & progresses to violent coughing & whooping which lasts up to 10 weeks
Complications – apnea, seizures, pneumonia
1-3 deaths in Canada yearly
1/400 deaths in infancy
82 cases in 2004 in MB
Control measures – Immunization, exclusion 5 days after tx with antibiotics, tx of close contacts
PERTUSSIS
Mode of Transmission
• Bacterial spores through contaminated
puncture wounds, burns, cuts
Incubation
• 3-21 days, average 10
Communicability
• Not transmitted person to person
Reservoir –Soil or fomites contaminated with
soil/feces
Clinical presentation – muscle rigidity & spasm, lockjaw, respiratory & laryngeal spasm
Complications – bone fractures,
— Case fatality rate range from 10 - 90%
Control measures – Immunization, TIG(immunoglob) & wound care
TETANUS
Organism: Bacteria
• . influenza type B (Hib) several types
Mode of Transmission
• Droplet infection
• Sneezing & coughing
Incubation
• 2-4 days
Communicability
• 1 week prior to illness & until treated
Reservoir – humans
Clinical presentation – sudden onset, fever, vomiting , lethargy, meningeal irritation
Complications –
Neurological sequelae (10-15%)
Deafness (15-20%)
Case fatality rate 5%
Control measures – Immunization & antibiotic prophylaxis
HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE DISEASE
*do not memorize
Organism: bacteria
Mode of Transmission
• Direct contact with respiratory droplets
• 25% carriers
Incubation
• 2-10 days
Communicability
• 7 days prior to symptoms until 24 hours of effective therapy
Reservoir – humans
Clinical presentation – sudden onset, fever, vomiting , stiff neck, rash
Complications
Hearing loss
Amputations
Case fatality rate 15%
Control measures – Immunization & antibiotic
prophylaxis
MENINGOCOCCAL (TYPE C)
*do not memorize
Virus
Mode of Transmission
— Droplet
— Direct contact with saliva
Incubation
— 14 – 25 days
Communicability
—2 days before onset of symptoms up to 4 days after
Symptoms
Swelling of salivary glands (usually parotid), fever, aches
Sometimes asymptomatic in children
Complications
Encephalitis (1-2/10,000 cases), Deafness
Orchitis (20 -30% of postpubertal males), Sterility rare
Case fatality ~ 1/10,000 cases
Cases in Canada/Yr
1950s: 34,000
2004: 32
Source: Canadian Immunization Guide
MUMPS
Mode of Transmission
Airborne by Droplet Spread
Direct contact with infected nasal or throat
secretions
Incubation
7 -18 days
Communicability
½ day before onset of symptoms to 4 days after
appearance of rash
Clinical Presentation – fever, conjunctivitis,
cough, rash beginning on face & body
Complications –
Otitis media
Pneumonia
Encephalitis 1:1000 cases
Complications more common in infants and
adults
Case fatality rate: 2-3/1000 cases
Can be up to 30% in developing countries
MEASLES
