Class 11 Nursing, Global health, Environmental health, And Disaster management Flashcards
Types of disasters
refer to the interacting ecosystems of Earth’s atmosphere, oceans, and terrestrial surfaces that are essential for life on our planet. In addition to oxygen, clean water, and soil, we depend on resources for energy and materials for shelter. We depend on ecological systems, including the ozone layer, to protect us from harmful ultraviolet rays; clean oceans and marine systems to provide food; natural systems to detoxify waste; and a stable climate that can sustain life globally.
The ecological determinants of health
Name 3 enVironmental frameworks
- Indigenous perspectives on health and the environment
- Intersectional ecological-feminist approaches
- Planetary health approaches
Characterized as having deep respect, humility, and responsibility to protect the environment and preserve it for the benefit of future generations
This holistic understanding has been developed over millennia and reflects the core principles that ought to guide our relationship as humans with non-human life on Earth. This insight, then, ought to be the starting point for our engagement with environmental health.
Indigenous perspectives in health and the environment
A care-sensitive ethic, particularly for policy and decision making, includes valuing caring work done in society for children, the sick, older adults, and the environment. Necessary for a holistic understanding of our relationship with the environment.
- two approaches: (a) value dualism, which is used to establish opposition and exclusiveness; for example, when reason is associated with the masculine and opposite to emotion which is feminine
(b) value-hierarchical thinking, which is used to establish a hierarchy to justify domination, and the exploitation and pollution of natural resources by humans and the simultaneous oppression of populations rendered vulnerable by those with more economic and political power
Any framework that facilitates this explication has to have a component to make oppressive relations visible in order to re-negotiate and re-construct a more viable society and sustainable future.
Intersectional ecological-feminist approaches
is concerned with the unprecedented impact of human activity on Earth’s ecological systems in the atmosphere, in oceans, and on land and its consequences for human health. Instead of looking at the environment as something dangerous and to be feared, planetary health recognizes that we can achieve and sustain the health of future generations by taking care of our planet’s natural systems.
Planetary Health
illustrates how human activities in the form of consumerism, overpopulation, and environmentally damaging technologies are the underlying drivers of ecological change. This framework attempts to explain the forces currently driving global change and at the same time suggests where and how social action could lead to positive health outcomes.
This ecological Change negatively impacts air quality, food production, infectious disease exposure, fresh water access, and natural phenomena.
Socially mediating factors contribute to negative health outcomes, including malnutrition, infectious diseases, non-communicable diseases, displacement and conflict, and mental health.
The mediating factors of public policies, deciSion making in governance, and advances in technology Can also contribute to positive health outcomes.
This framework depicts a mechanism of how humans are harming their own health by harming life-sustaining ecosystems.
The framework of planetary health
Deals with issues that directly affect health of all people in the world including those that transcend national boundaries.
Concerned with all strategies that improve the health of all people, including health promotion and illness prevention at the population level and clinical care of individuals. Builds on national public health initiatives and institutions.
Global Health
Deals with the health issues of rsource contrained countries rather than one’s own countryof residence or citizenship
Encompasses both health promotion and illness prevention in populations and clinical care of individuals. However, the scope of solutions is limited to the countries working together
International Health
Deals with issues that shape population health of a community or entire country within the geographic boundary of the]at country,
Focuses on health promotion and illness prevention programs at the population level within a country
Public Health
provided a framework of time-bound goals and targets using a baseline of 1990 (United Nations, 2000). However, various challenges were apparent, including persistent inequalities; food and nutrition insecurity; knowledge challenges; growing environmental footprints; conflict, violence, and insecurity; governance deficits at all levels; and shifting demographics (e.g., migration, urbanization, and aging). Although many targets were met, others demonstrated insufficient progress, no progress, or even, in some cases, a deterioration. In a few countries, there have been insufficient data available to evaluate progress made to date. This pointed to a critical need to find new approaches to promote global health equity, leading to the initiation of the SDGs (United Nations System Task Team on the UN Development Agenda, 2012).
Millenium Development Goals
- Eradicate extreme hunger and poverty
- Achieve universal primary education
- Promote gender equality and empower women
- Reduce child mortality
- Improve maternal health
- Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
- Ensure environmental sustainability
- Develop a global partnership for development
MDG
has established 12 thematic groups that are solution oriented rather than research oriented. The goal is to stimulate governments, United Nations agencies, and the public toward discovery of practical solutions to the greatest challenges of sustainable development.
The Sustainable Development Solutions Network
What is the 17 Sustainable Development goals for?
It targets and indicators to measure progress
affect public safety and leave communities with long-term adverse socioeconomic, health, and environmental effects.
Individuals at greatest risk include vulnerable or priority groups such as women, children, older adults, the poor, and people with mental and physical disabilities
DEFINING FEATURE: The event exceeds the capacity of the community to respond. This is why when a state of emergency is declared, the community has access to more resources.
Disasters
Usually occur suddenly
Caused by nature, human error, biohazard, infectious disease
Include earthquakes, floods, fires, hurricanes, major storms, volcanic eruptions, spills, air crashes, droughts, epidemics, food shortages, and civil strife
Long term effects
At risk groups: women children, older adults, poor, people with disabilities
DEFINING FEATURE: The event exceeds the capacity of the community to respond.
Disasters
Natural disasters
droughts, heat waves, ice storms, heavy snowfalls, earthquakes, tornadoes, floods, storms, tsunamis, volcanoes, wildfires, train derailment, plane crash
Human made disasters
bioterrorism, bombings, technical disasters, nuclear disasters, oil spills, 9/11
infectious disease spreads rapidly, affecting a large # of individuals within a population, community or region
Epidemics
5 parts of emergency management
Prevention
Mitigation
Preparedness
Resoinse
Recovery
It is to help reduce a community’s vulnerability to disaster
Prevention & Mitigation
involves activities taken to prevent or avoid an emergency or disaster, before the emergency. It focuses on the hazard by promoting healthy lifestyles through public health education.
Prevention
involves actions that can reduce the impact Of a disaster on the community. Influenza vaccination and infection control measures are health-specific examples of mitigation.
Mitigation
are intended to maximize the efficiency of the response through planning and preparation. Actions taken before the emergency focus on plans to establish communication systems, conduct training, and test response plans.
Preparedness programs
designed to address the immediate effects of an emergency. They focus on operations and include the mobilization of providers, the coordination of health care services, and the acquisition of necessary supplies.
Response activities
are designed to return a situation to an acceptable and normal condition. Recovery is usually the longest phase and focuses on restoration. It also includes getting back to the social and cultural norms that impact public health. It includes activities to restore services, rebuild infrastructure and care for sick and injured. MAY ALSO include prevention or mitigation designed to avert future emergencies.
Recovery programs
Major natural disaster or accident
Public welfare emergency
Serious national security threat
Public order emergencies
— due to acts of coercion or intimidation or serious use of force or violence that threatens the sovereignty security or territorial integrity of Canada
International emergencies
— active or imminent involving Canada or its allies
A state of war
basis for planning necessary to address all disasters; addresses the need for cooperation between the provinces and territories at the federal level to establish responsibilities and provides structure of training and education in emergency planning.
The Emergency Preparedness Act
basis for planning necessary to address all disasters; addresses the need for cooperation between the provinces and territories at the federal level to establish responsibilities and provides structure of training and education in emergency planning.
The Emergency Preparedness Act
strengthens government’s readiness to respond by defining roles and responsibility for all federal ministers; critical infrastructure to support populations in times of disaster
The Emergency Management Act
To help reduce a community’s vulnerability to disaster
Prevention & Mitigation
involves activities taken to prevent or avoid an emergency or disaster, before the emergency. It focuses on the hazard by promoting healthy lifestyles through public health education.
Prevention
involves actions that can reduce the impact Of a disaster on the community. Influenza vaccination and infection control measures are health-specific examples
Mitigation
intended to maximize the efficiency of the response through planning and preparation. Actions taken before the emergency focus on plans to establish communication systems, conduct training, and test response plans.
Preparedness programs
are designed to address the immediate effects of an emergency. They focus on operations and include the mobilization of providers, the coordination of health care services, and the acquisition of necessary supplies.
Response activities
designed to return a situation to an acceptable and normal condition.
is usually the longest phase and focuses on restoration. It also includes getting back to the social and cultural norms that impact public health. It includes activities to restore services, rebuild infrastructure and care for sick and injured. MAY ALSO include prevention or mitigation designed to avert future emergencies.
Recovery programs
Enables decision-makers to adopt precautionary measures when scientific evidence about an environmental or human health hazard is uncertain and the stakes are high.
E.g. Masks
Scientific evidence is not in yet/inconclusive – just to be safe, public health officials must act if a hazard is suspected
The precautionary principle
Stage of disaster where CHN:
Assessment
- identify those at risk
- conduct a hazard vulnerability assessment
- eliminate threats before disaster strikes
Planning
- plan to address needs in event of disaster, with all stakeholders
Implementation
- conduct training, drills, etc.
Evaluation
- evaluate training and drills
- evaluate operational plans
PREPAREDNESS
Rapid needs assessments during crisis to meet population needs, esp. vulnerable
Collaborate with response partners to develop plans and trisge algorithms to ensure approriate care
Logistics in place for care to continue during crisis
Ongoing respinse planning
- real-time adjustment
RESPONSE
Work with stakeholders to plan for long term health concerns after crisis; i dentify resources
Reconstitution of critical services; sustainmentbof health and social infrastructure\
Evaluate long tern impact and unintended consequences
RECOVERY
The event exceeds the capacity of the community to respond.
Disasters
major natural disaster or accident
Public welfare emergency
Serious national security threat
Public order emergencies
due to acts of coercion or intimidation or serious
use of force or violence that threatens the sovereignty security or territorial integrity of Canada
International emergencies
Enables decision-makers to adopt precautionary measures when scientific evidence about an environmental or human health hazard is uncertain and the stakes are high.
- E.g. Masks
- *Scientific evidence is not in yet/inconclusive – just to be safe, public health officials must act if a hazard is suspected
The precautionary principle
To avoid value-dualism and valie-hierarchial thinking
Intersectional ecological-feminist approaches
Opposing reason to emotion, associating reason with
the masculine and emotion with the feminine.
Value dualism
Creating a hierarchy to justify human domination, exploitation, and pollution of natural resources, leading to oppression of vulnerable populations.
Value-hierarchical thinking
Top 10 Causes of Death Worldwide
- Ischemic heart disease
- Stroke
- COPD
- Lower respiratory Infection
- Alzheimer disease and other dementias
- Trache, bronchus, lung cancers
- DM
- Road injury
- Diarrheal diseases
- TB
Eradicate extreme hunger & poverty
Achieve universal primary education
Promote gender equality and empower women
Reduce child mortality
Improve maternal health
Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
Ensure environmental sustainability
Develop a global partnership for development
Millennium Development Goals
