Class 1 Introduction to Population Health

Question 1

underlying assumptions, values, and key principles of population health

Question 2

principles of primary health care and appraise how they are currently operationalized at the community/population level.

Question 3

From this perspective, ‘health’ refers to the absence of disease or disability, and the focus is on reducing physiological risk factors for disease and disability (e.g., hypertension, hyperlipidemia, poor nutritional status and/or physical fitness, low immunity) of individuals.

Principle strategies for health enhancement using a _____ approach include screening tests for these individual risk factors, patient education/counselling for behaviour change, and immunization.

Answer 3

BIOMEDICAL APPROACH

Question 4

focuses on the prevention of disease and disability (often expressed in terms of promoting “wellness”) in people who are at risk because of their lifestyle or behavioural risk factors such as a high-fat diet, lack of exercise, unsafe sexual practices, or use of tobacco, alcohol, or other drugs.

encourage the adoption of behaviours or lifestyles that promote functional ability and well -being.

promoting “a state of well-being sufficient to perform at adequate levels of physical, mental and social activity” (p. 8) did allow for a slightly expanded interpretation of health that included the idea of increased functional “ability” and a sense of “wellness” (Labonte, 1993a).

health education and communication; social marketing; behaviour modification; and regulatory measures (e.g., legislation or by-laws prohibiting drinking and driving, selling alcohol and tobacco to minors, smoking in public places, driving in a vehicle without using a seatbelt, riding a bicycle without a helmet) . The common thread in each of these strategies is the underlying belief that the main determinant of health is individual behaviour or lifestyle, and that information, persuasion, or any other method (including legal coercion) that encourages people to adopt healthier behaviours or lifestyles is the key to health promotion.

organization and availability of health services was one of four main categories of fac tors (or “health fields”) that influenced the health of Canadians; the others being human biology, the environment, and lifestyle.

Answer 4

Behavioural/lifestyle approach

Question 5

s on the broad social and environmental conditions that influence population health. From this perspective, health promotion is viewed as a process of empowerment, with the reduction of health inequities)—those disparities in health that are associated with social disadvantages that are modifiable, and considered unfair (NCCDH, 2015)—being a central goal.

As a result, in addition to the Ottawa Charter health promotion strategies described above, the ___________ approach may also involve the use of ‘empowerment’ strategies: individual empowerment; small group development; community organization/development; coalition advocacy; and political action (Labonte, 1993b).

Answer 5

Socioenvironmental approach

Question 6

is “an approach to health that aims to improve the health of the entire population and to reduce health inequities among population groups….it acts upon the broad range of factors and conditions that have a strong influence on our health”

Answer 6

Population health

Question 7

An organized activity of society to promote, protect,
(Government of Canada, n.d.)
improve, and when necessary, restore the health of individuals, specified groups, or the entire population. It is a combination of sciences, skills, and values that function through collective societal activities and involves programs, services, and institutions aimed at protecting and improving the health of all people.

Answer 7

Public health

Question 8

Measures that alter societal structures and thereby changing underlying determinants of health (e.g. changing public policies)

Answer 8

PRIMORDIAL PREVENTION

Question 9

Measures that alter exposures that lead to disease (e.g. immunizations)

Answer 9

Primary prevention

Question 10

Measures that detect pathological process at an earlier stage when treatment can be more effective (e.g. population-based screening)

Answer 10

Secondary prevention

Question 11

Measures that prevent elapses and further deterioration (e.g. follow-up care and rehabilitation)

Ex. Cardiac rehab

Answer 11

Tertiary prevention

Question 12

Measures that identify people who are at risk for harms from overmedicalization (e.g. over-diagnosis and unnecessary polypharmacy)

Answer 12

Quaternary prevention

Question 13

Legislation to limit ability of tobacco companies to advertise (or sell) their products
Reducing social conditions that predispose people to smoke in the fist place (e.g. poverty, unemployment, low education, social exclusion/marginalization)

Answer 13

UPSTREAM (policy level)

Question 14

Smoking prevention programs in schools
Social marketing/media campaigns to communicate risks of smoking
Enforcing bans on sales of cigarettes to minors

Answer 14

MIDSTREAM
(Community level)

Question 15

Smoking cessation therapy/techniques for individuals
Counselling individuals re: healthy ways to deal with stress

Answer 15

DOWNSTREAM
(Individual/family level)

Question 16

“first line”
of clinical services that
provides an entry point to
the health care system

Answer 16

Primary Care

Question 17

Is a model of health care delivery
It is based on 5 principles

Answer 17

Primary Health Care

Question 18

5 principles of primary health care

Answer 18

1. Accessibility
2. Community participation in decision making
3. Emphasis on health promotion and primary prevention
4. Use of appropriate technology
5. Intersectoral collaboration for health and social development

Question 19

To what extent would you say that our current health care system in Manitoba is based on a PHC model?

a) There is no PHC in Manitoba
b) There are some isolated examples of PHC, but the overall system is not based on a PHC model
c) The health care system in Winnipeg is based on a PHC model, but not outside of Winnipeg
d) It is completely based on a PHC model

Question 20

Maximum accessibility to health care
• Maximum community participation in decision-making re: development/ implementation ofhealth care
• Maximum emphasis on disease prevention and health promotion (although it may include the full continuum of services)
• Use of appropriate technology
• Intersectoral collaboration for health and social development

Answer 20

Primary health care

Question 21

You are working on an acute medicine floor. Your colleague asks you to “do some discharge teaching” for a patient, Matthew, who is a newly diagnosed diabetic who smokes and uses drugs. She says, “He needs to smarten up or he’s going to die.” It sounds like this nurse is coming from which model?
a) Biomedical or medical model
b) Behavioural model
c) Socioenvironmental model

Answer 21

B

Question 22

Which one of the following is an example of health
promotion? a) Teaching kids how to avoid STIs b) Infant immunization c) Making healthy foods more cost effective than
junk food d) Teaching a smoking cessation course

Question 23

Which one of the following is an example of
primary prevention? a) PAP screening b) Immunization c) Reducing poverty d) Providing diet counselling to a newly diagnosed
diabetic

Question 24

Which one of the following is an example of
secondary prevention? a) PAP screening b) Immunization c) Helping a stroke patient recover d) Providing diet counselling to a newly diagnosed
diabetic

Answer 24

A

Question 25

Which one of the following is an example of
and nutritious food
primordial prevention of obesity?
a) Increasing physical activity in schools
b) Weighing someone at regular intervals
c) Education regarding nutritious meal planning
d) Increased availability/access to affordable and nutritious food

Question 26

Focus on health and wellness and prevention rather than on illness
Is orientated towards populations rather than individuals
Understanding needs and solutions through community outreach
Addressing equity, health disparities, and health in vulnerable groups
Addressing the social determinants of health
Embracing intersectoral action and partnerships

Answer 26

Population Health

Question 27

An organized activity of society to promote, protect, improve, and when necessary, restore the health of individuals, specified groups, or the entire population. It is a combination of sciences, skills, and values that function through collective societal activities and involves programs, services, and institutions aimed at protecting and improving the health of all people. The term “public health” can describe a way of thinking, a set of disciplines, an institution of society, and a manner of practice.

Answer 27

Public Health

Question 28

What are the 6 areas of Public Health Functions?

Answer 28

1. Health protection
2. Health promotion
3. Population health assessment
4. Health surveillance
5. Disease and injury prevention
6. Emergency preparedness and respinse

Question 29

What is a biomedical approach in public health?

Answer 29

IMMUNIZATION

Question 30

What are 3 MODELS OF HEALTH

Answer 30

1. Biomedical Approach in Public Health
2. Behavioural Approach
3. Socio-Environmental Approach

Question 31

What are Behavioural Approach in Public Health?

Answer 31

Lactation support.
Eating well.
Sex education.
School health.

Question 32

What are Socio-Environmental Approach in Public Health

Answer 32

Ensuring safe water supply
Access to resources (e.g., grocery store)
Global warming

Question 33

Measures that alter societal structures and thereby changing underlying determinants of health
e.g. changing public policies

Answer 33

PRIMORDIAL PREVENTION

Question 34

Measures that alter exposures that lead to that disease

e.g., immunizations

Answer 34

PRIMARY PREVENTION

Question 35

These are measures that detect pathological process at an earlier stage when treatment can be more effective

E.g., population-based screening (pap-test, mammogram, etc.)

Answer 35

SECONDARY PREVENTION

Question 36

These are measures that prevent relapses and further deterioration

E.g., follow-up care and rehab

Answer 36

TIARY PREVENTION

Question 37

Measures that identify people who are at risk for harms from overmedicalization

E.g., over-diagnosis and unnecessary polypharmacy (risks vs. Benefits)

Answer 37

QUARTERNARY PREVENTION

Question 38

What is the 5 principles of PRIMARY HEALTH CARE

Answer 38

1. Accessibility
2. Community participation in decision making
3. Emphasis on health promotion and primary prevention
4. Use of appropriate technology
5. Intersectoral collaboration for health and social development