Class 1 Introduction to Population Health Flashcards
underlying assumptions, values, and key principles of population health
principles of primary health care and appraise how they are currently operationalized at the community/population level.
From this perspective, ‘health’ refers to the absence of disease or disability, and the focus is on reducing physiological risk factors for disease and disability (e.g., hypertension, hyperlipidemia, poor nutritional status and/or physical fitness, low immunity) of individuals.
Principle strategies for health enhancement using a _____ approach include screening tests for these individual risk factors, patient education/counselling for behaviour change, and immunization.
BIOMEDICAL APPROACH
focuses on the prevention of disease and disability (often expressed in terms of promoting “wellness”) in people who are at risk because of their lifestyle or behavioural risk factors such as a high-fat diet, lack of exercise, unsafe sexual practices, or use of tobacco, alcohol, or other drugs.
encourage the adoption of behaviours or lifestyles that promote functional ability and well -being.
promoting “a state of well-being sufficient to perform at adequate levels of physical, mental and social activity” (p. 8) did allow for a slightly expanded interpretation of health that included the idea of increased functional “ability” and a sense of “wellness” (Labonte, 1993a).
health education and communication; social marketing; behaviour modification; and regulatory measures (e.g., legislation or by-laws prohibiting drinking and driving, selling alcohol and tobacco to minors, smoking in public places, driving in a vehicle without using a seatbelt, riding a bicycle without a helmet) . The common thread in each of these strategies is the underlying belief that the main determinant of health is individual behaviour or lifestyle, and that information, persuasion, or any other method (including legal coercion) that encourages people to adopt healthier behaviours or lifestyles is the key to health promotion.
organization and availability of health services was one of four main categories of fac tors (or “health fields”) that influenced the health of Canadians; the others being human biology, the environment, and lifestyle.
Behavioural/lifestyle approach
s on the broad social and environmental conditions that influence population health. From this perspective, health promotion is viewed as a process of empowerment, with the reduction of health inequities)—those disparities in health that are associated with social disadvantages that are modifiable, and considered unfair (NCCDH, 2015)—being a central goal.
As a result, in addition to the Ottawa Charter health promotion strategies described above, the ___________ approach may also involve the use of ‘empowerment’ strategies: individual empowerment; small group development; community organization/development; coalition advocacy; and political action (Labonte, 1993b).
Socioenvironmental approach
is “an approach to health that aims to improve the health of the entire population and to reduce health inequities among population groups….it acts upon the broad range of factors and conditions that have a strong influence on our health”
Population health
An organized activity of society to promote, protect,
(Government of Canada, n.d.)
improve, and when necessary, restore the health of individuals, specified groups, or the entire population. It is a combination of sciences, skills, and values that function through collective societal activities and involves programs, services, and institutions aimed at protecting and improving the health of all people.
Public health
Measures that alter societal structures and thereby changing underlying determinants of health (e.g. changing public policies)
PRIMORDIAL PREVENTION
Measures that alter exposures that lead to disease (e.g. immunizations)
Primary prevention
Measures that detect pathological process at an earlier stage when treatment can be more effective (e.g. population-based screening)
Secondary prevention
Measures that prevent elapses and further deterioration (e.g. follow-up care and rehabilitation)
Ex. Cardiac rehab
Tertiary prevention
Measures that identify people who are at risk for harms from overmedicalization (e.g. over-diagnosis and unnecessary polypharmacy)
Quaternary prevention
Legislation to limit ability of tobacco companies to advertise (or sell) their products
Reducing social conditions that predispose people to smoke in the fist place (e.g. poverty, unemployment, low education, social exclusion/marginalization)
UPSTREAM (policy level)
Smoking prevention programs in schools
Social marketing/media campaigns to communicate risks of smoking
Enforcing bans on sales of cigarettes to minors
MIDSTREAM
(Community level)
Smoking cessation therapy/techniques for individuals
Counselling individuals re: healthy ways to deal with stress
DOWNSTREAM
(Individual/family level)
“first line”
of clinical services that
provides an entry point to
the health care system
Primary Care
Is a model of health care delivery
It is based on 5 principles
Primary Health Care
5 principles of primary health care
- Accessibility
- Community participation in decision making
- Emphasis on health promotion and primary prevention
- Use of appropriate technology
- Intersectoral collaboration for health and social development
To what extent would you say that our current health care system in Manitoba is based on a PHC model?
a) There is no PHC in Manitoba
b) There are some isolated examples of PHC, but the overall system is not based on a PHC model
c) The health care system in Winnipeg is based on a PHC model, but not outside of Winnipeg
d) It is completely based on a PHC model
Maximum accessibility to health care
• Maximum community participation in decision-making re: development/ implementation ofhealth care
• Maximum emphasis on disease prevention and health promotion (although it may include the full continuum of services)
• Use of appropriate technology
• Intersectoral collaboration for health and social development
Primary health care
You are working on an acute medicine floor. Your colleague asks you to “do some discharge teaching” for a patient, Matthew, who is a newly diagnosed diabetic who smokes and uses drugs. She says, “He needs to smarten up or he’s going to die.” It sounds like this nurse is coming from which model?
a) Biomedical or medical model
b) Behavioural model
c) Socioenvironmental model
B
Which one of the following is an example of health
promotion? a) Teaching kids how to avoid STIs b) Infant immunization c) Making healthy foods more cost effective than
junk food d) Teaching a smoking cessation course
Which one of the following is an example of
primary prevention? a) PAP screening b) Immunization c) Reducing poverty d) Providing diet counselling to a newly diagnosed
diabetic
Which one of the following is an example of
secondary prevention? a) PAP screening b) Immunization c) Helping a stroke patient recover d) Providing diet counselling to a newly diagnosed
diabetic
A
Which one of the following is an example of
and nutritious food
primordial prevention of obesity?
a) Increasing physical activity in schools
b) Weighing someone at regular intervals
c) Education regarding nutritious meal planning
d) Increased availability/access to affordable and nutritious food
Focus on health and wellness and prevention rather than on illness
Is orientated towards populations rather than individuals
Understanding needs and solutions through community outreach
Addressing equity, health disparities, and health in vulnerable groups
Addressing the social determinants of health
Embracing intersectoral action and partnerships
Population Health
An organized activity of society to promote, protect, improve, and when necessary, restore the health of individuals, specified groups, or the entire population. It is a combination of sciences, skills, and values that function through collective societal activities and involves programs, services, and institutions aimed at protecting and improving the health of all people. The term “public health” can describe a way of thinking, a set of disciplines, an institution of society, and a manner of practice.
Public Health
What are the 6 areas of Public Health Functions?
- Health protection
- Health promotion
- Population health assessment
- Health surveillance
- Disease and injury prevention
- Emergency preparedness and respinse
What is a biomedical approach in public health?
IMMUNIZATION
What are 3 MODELS OF HEALTH
- Biomedical Approach in Public Health
- Behavioural Approach
- Socio-Environmental Approach
What are Behavioural Approach in Public Health?
Lactation support.
Eating well.
Sex education.
School health.
What are Socio-Environmental Approach in Public Health
Ensuring safe water supply
Access to resources (e.g., grocery store)
Global warming
Measures that alter societal structures and thereby changing underlying determinants of health
e.g. changing public policies
PRIMORDIAL PREVENTION
Measures that alter exposures that lead to that disease
e.g., immunizations
PRIMARY PREVENTION
These are measures that detect pathological process at an earlier stage when treatment can be more effective
E.g., population-based screening (pap-test, mammogram, etc.)
SECONDARY PREVENTION
These are measures that prevent relapses and further deterioration
E.g., follow-up care and rehab
TIARY PREVENTION
Measures that identify people who are at risk for harms from overmedicalization
E.g., over-diagnosis and unnecessary polypharmacy (risks vs. Benefits)
QUARTERNARY PREVENTION
What is the 5 principles of PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
- Accessibility
- Community participation in decision making
- Emphasis on health promotion and primary prevention
- Use of appropriate technology
- Intersectoral collaboration for health and social development
