Chronic Adaptations (Chapter 15)

Question 1

What is a chronic adaptation?

Answer 1

physiological changes that occur in response to the increased demands placed on the body through training

Question 2

Cardiovascular adaptations to aerobic training

Answer 2

• cardiac hypertrophy
• increased capillarisation of the heart muscle
• increased stroke volume
• heart rate
• cardiac output
• blood pressure
• oxygen extraction
• increased plasma, haemoglobin and myoglobin
• blood flow and distribution

Question 3

Cardiac hypertrophy

Answer 3

enlargement of heart muscle which results in increased size of the left ventricle, leading to increased stroke volume

Question 4

Increased capillarisation of the heart muscle

Answer 4

increased capillary density leads to an increased blood supply to heart muscle

Question 5

Increased stroke volume

Answer 5

heart ejects a greater volume of blood per beat

Question 6

Heart Rate

Answer 6

• lower resting heart rate as heart does not have to beat as frequently to supply required blood flow
• lower heart rate during submax activity due to increased stroke volume
• improved heart rate recovery

Question 7

Cardiac output

Answer 7

during maximal workloads cardiac output may increase, doesn’t change at rest

Question 8

Blood pressure

Answer 8

decreases both systolic and diastolic blood pressure at rest and during sub max exercise due to more capillarisation, improved elasticity of blood vessels and decrease in fatty deposits ion vessel walls

Question 9

Oxygen consumption

Answer 9

greater amounts of oxygen being extracted from the blood and more myoglobin

Question 10

Increased plasma, haemoglobin and myoglobin

Answer 10

improve body’s ability to transport and use oxygen

Question 11

Blood flow and distribution

Answer 11

assists body in vasodilation and vasoconstriction due to increased capillarisation of the muscles

Question 12

Respiratory adaptations

Answer 12

• increased lung volume
• increased diffusion
• increased lung ventilation
• increased ventilatory efficiency
• increased oxygen consumption

Question 13

Increased pulmonary function

Answer 13

causes the increase in lung volume

Question 14

Increased lung volume

Answer 14

provides greater alveolar-capillary surface area, and hence more sites where diffusion can occur

Question 15

Increased ventilatory efficiency

Answer 15

muscles responsible for breathing require less oxygen in order to work

Question 16

Increased lung ventilation

Answer 16

• tidal volume increases resulting in less breaths being taken
• at maximum exercise levels both tidal volume and breathing frequency increase, resulting in higher ventilation and VO2 max
• at sub max less breaths taken which increases oxygen extracted

Question 17

Increased maximum oxygen uptake

Answer 17

• the same or slightly lower during sub max

- increased during max exercise

Question 18

Muscular adaptations (Aerobic training)

Answer 18

• increased oxygen utilisation
• increased myoglobin stores
• increased muscular fuel stores
• increased oxidation of glucose and fats
• decreased use of anaerobic glycolysis system

Question 19

Increased oxygen utilisation

Answer 19

increased size and number of mitochondria draws oxygen into muscles

Question 20

Increased myoglobin stores

Answer 20

in muscle

Question 21

Increased muscular fuel stores

Answer 21

• increased stores of glycogen, free fatty acids and triglycerides in the muscle
• increased muscle storage of oxidative enzymes required to metabolise fuels

Question 22

Increased oxidation of glucose and fats

Answer 22

glycogen sparing

Question 23

Decreased use of anaerobic glycolysis system

Answer 23

enhanced ability to anaerobically metabolise glucose and fats means less reliance on anaerobic glycolysis system until higher intensities are reached ie increase LIP

Question 24

Cardiovascular adaptations (anaerobic training)

Answer 24

• cardiac hypertrophy
• increased capillarisation
• decrease in resting and sub max blood pressure

Question 25

Muscular adaptations (anaerobic training)

Answer 25

• muscle hypertrophy
• increased muscle stores of ATP and PC
• increased glycolytic capacity
• increased strength and size of connective tissues
• increased number of motor unit recruitment for maximal contractions
• increased speed of nerve impulse to muscle cells
• increased speed of muscular contraction
• increased muscle buffering/lactate tolerance

Question 26

Muscle hypertrophy

Answer 26

enlargement of muscle fibres and increased cross-sectional area lead to increased strength

Question 27

Increased muscle stores of ATP and PC

Answer 27

greater energy release and faster restoration of ATP

Question 28

Increased glycolytic capacity

Answer 28

increased stores of muscle glycogen and increased ability of anaerobic glycolysis system to produce energy