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christianity + science Flashcards

1
Q

What’s empiricism?

A

All knowledge starts from sense experience

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2
Q

What’s rationalism?

A

All knowledge starts w the processes of human thought

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3
Q

What is deism?

A

Belief in an intelligent but impersonal creator: creates the universe then leaves it to its own devices

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4
Q

What does deism offer explanation for?

A

Predictable nature of the universe; can’t be easily challenged bc science either

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5
Q

What limitation does John Polkinghorne point out w deism?

A

Christian God is personal; ppl can interact w prayer - so where would a personal God be in deism?

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6
Q

What is existentialism?

A

Humans create their own reality through choices they make - the world isn’t fixed + handed to them

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7
Q

Why was Darwin’s ‘On the Origin of Species’ controversial?

A

Suggested natural selected could explain the appearance of design by God + make the idea of God unnecessary

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8
Q

What does Karl Rahner argue about evolution?

A

Humans are made wholly by evolution + God
Evolution works by natural laws of chem, bio etc - these were authorised by God

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9
Q

What do some Christians believe about God’s role in the Big Bang (1)?

A

God caused the Big Bang that created the universe

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10
Q

What do some other Christians believe about God’s role in the Big Bang (2)?

A

the Big Bang happened wo need for a Creator, as a spontaneous event where the universe simply came into existence

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11
Q

What are the 2 implications quantum theory gives religion?

A
  • God influences events at a quantum level
  • The ‘Many Worlds’ interpretation (multiverses)
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12
Q

How does neuroscience challenge religion?

A

All human experiences (incl. religious ones) can be explained in terms of brain activity

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13
Q

What’s an e.g. of a moral dilemma w modern medicine?

A

Should a large amount of money bc spent on expensive treatment for 1 patient if the same resources can be used for simpler treatments that benefit multiple patients

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14
Q

What is an example of Christians being justified in seeking indefinite life extension?

A

The possibility of merging human biology w robotic systems; uploading a human mind into a comp. environment

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15
Q

What’s an issue w evolutionary ethics? Give an example

A

The drive to produce a ‘super race’ e.g. the contributing factor in the Nazi holocaust

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16
Q

What is ‘God of the Gaps’?

A

Less+less scope for ‘God’ to be used as an explanation for what we don’t understand - ‘God’ retreats further into gaps in our knowledge

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17
Q

Give an example of the God of the Gaps in play?

A

Lightning/thunder was believed to be anger of the Gods but we now know its a common meteorological phenomena

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18
Q

What happens when we use God to fill in gaps in our scientific knowledge? What’s the issue w this?

A

God becomes an explanatory hypothesis; part of the scientific explanation
If this were true then we’d be able to look for God w microscopes, telescopes etc bc this is absurd

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19
Q

What does Flew’s parable of the Gardener show?

A

Belief in God is unscientific bc we can’t test the existence + the theist will always maintain belief

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20
Q

What does it mean for God to be a part of the scientific creation of the world?

A

We should be able to test this scientifically but there’s no convincing evidence so his existence fails as a scientific hypothesis

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21
Q

How does Paul Tillich apply to the God of the gaps responses?

A

If God is a being among others, there’s less room for him
But God is immanent + transcendent; not just a thing in the world but the means by which the whole world exists

22
Q

How does John Polkinghorne respond to God of the gaps?

A

God intervenes at a quantum level

23
Q

How does Wiles respond to the God of the gaps?

A

God is active all the time, everywhere, in and beyond universe

24
Q

What did the Church of England think of Darwins theory of evolution?

A

Claimed it was a way of turning humans into beasts
Evolution challenges the idea that humans were created in God’s image

25
Q

What do liberal Anglicans say about Darwin’s theory of evolution?

A

Evolution was the way God designed the world; God initiated the evolution of species by natural selection

26
Q

What do Christians who take an interventionist approach to Darwins theory of evolution say?

A

Natural selection isn’t needed bc when he wants, God intervenes directly

27
Q

What is a response to the Big Bang theory regarding evidence?

A

Provides evidence that there was a beginning of the universe
If the universe was used, there must’ve been a First Cause (Aquinas’ Third Way)

28
Q

What does the ‘fine tuning’ argument for the Big Bang suggest?

A

For us to survive, everything has to be so specif. acc. (gravity, distance from sun) smth (God) must’ve fine-tuned constants

29
Q

What’s an argument against the fine-tuning argument?

A

The multiverse theory says there are a colossal no. of universes which began w the Big Bang

30
Q

What did the official position of the Catholic Church say about the Big Bang?

A

The theory didn’t conflict w the Catholic idea of creation
Atheists = uncaused
Christianity = will of God

31
Q

What are Creationists? What do they reject?

A

Evangelical Christians - reject scientific accounts of the origin of the universe

32
Q

What are the 2 types of creationists?

A

Six day (young earth) creationism
Progressive (old earth) creationism
Intelligent design creationists

33
Q

What do six day (young earth) creationists believe?

A

Follow a literal reading of the Genesis; creation occurred in 6 days bet 5000 + 10000 yrs ago
All humans descend from Adam+Eve + God created all species as we see them now, not through evolution

34
Q

What do progressive (old earth) creationists believe?

A

The age of the Earth+universe is given correctly by science; but Darwinism is abandoned for the fact that species’ just appeared by Gods will; Adam was the first man to have a soul

35
Q

What does intelligent design creationism argue?

A

Gives creationism scientific support

36
Q

What did John Polkinghorne believe?

A

Religion + science can coexist but they clash when religion makes claims that depend on evidence that can be scientifically be examined e.g. the Big Bang

37
Q

What are John Polkinghorne’s 3 books?

A

Science+creation: search for understanding
Science+providence: God’s interaction w the world
One World: interaction of science+theology

38
Q

What is Polkinghorne’s main premise in Science+Creation?

A

The world is intelligible (understandable) when it might easily not have been

39
Q

What is the Anthropic Principle?

A

Cosmological constants are fine tuned to produce humans

40
Q

What does Polkinghorne say about multiverses in Science+Creation?

A

Multiverse theory suggests given enough universes, some must be ordered by chance

41
Q

What does Polkinghorne say about natural theology in Science+Creation?

A

Uses insights of science to reach a clearer understand of the world; works alongside revelation from scripture

42
Q

What does Polkinghorne conclude in Science+Creation?

A

The rationality of the universe is a reflection of the rationality of the creator

43
Q

Evaluate Polkinghorne’s assessment of the multiverse theory in Science+Creation?

A

In String Theory, it’s a math. inference; Big Bang is treated as a quantum particle in superposition, meaning it exists in all configurations

44
Q

Evaluate Polkinghorne’s idea of the Big Bang in terms of radiation?

A

Penrose says radiation from the Big Bang shows signs of an earlier cycle of the universe

45
Q

What does Polkinghorne say in Science+Providence?

A

Providence is God’s caring/nurturing of us~w/o God doing this, he has no content - so he’s personal by influencing event t a quantum level

46
Q

What’s a weakness of Polkinghorne’s ideas in Science+Providence?

A

The problem of evil: why didn’t God intervene in the holocaust, Black Death etc

47
Q

What’s the main problem w Polkinghorne’s idea’s in Science+Providence?

A

Evidence: we can say that God influences events at a quantum level but how do we prove it?

48
Q

What does Whitehead say in Polkinghorne’s ref. to him in One World?

A
  • Analogy bet. activities of science+theology
  • Both are concerned w understanding the universe
49
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

Uses enzymes to transfer pieces of DNA from 1 organism into the DNA of another organism so organism w added DNA becomes genetically modif.

50
Q

What does the Catholic Church say about GE?

A

Qualified approval to GE in plants+animals not least to feed the hungry

christianity (9 decks)

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