CHPT 8 Flashcards
The energy molecule used to do cellular work is called __________,
and it is made from food substrates consumed in the diet
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
The fuels used to create ATP are
glucose from carbohydrates, free fatty acids from fat, amino acids from protein, and ketone bodies.
__________ are the by-products of the breakdown of stored or consumed fats. They are oxidized exclusively via the aerobic pathway, which uses oxygen to create ATP
Free fatty acids
Amino acids can be metabolized via
oxidative phosphorylation
______ are produced by the liver during periods of low energy intake or low
carbohydrate availability
Ketone bodies
Exercise is categorized by two factors:
intensity and duration
________ is an anaerobic process and generates ATP quickly, but not a tremendous
amount
Glycolysis
_______ is a process that uses oxygen to create ATP from substrate
molecules at a relatively slow rate.
Oxidative phosphorylation
______ is defined as a situation in which a person engages in the same
level of activity, without increases or decreases in intensity, for several minutes
Steady-state exercise
___________ is defined as frequent changes in the work requirement (intensity) during an activity
Intermittent exercise
_______ use a higher percentage of fat as a fuel but generally do not burn a lot of calories unless performed for a very long me
Lower-intensity activities
______________ have a higher percentage of energy coming from carbohydrate and usually burn more total calories in a given time
Higher-intensity activities
the total number of calories
that a person burns in a day is called
the total daily energy expenditure (TDEE)
___________ is the minimum number of calories needed at rest to keep a person alive and meet all functional needs of the body.
The resting metabolic rate (RMR)
________ is the number of calories that are used to digest a meal
The thermic effect of food (TEF)
___________ involves burning calories in activities that are
not structured exercise
Nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)
___________ is the calories burned during structured physical activity or purposeful exercise
Exercise activity thermogenesis (EAT)
First law of thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed but merely converted from one form
to another
Glucose
The simplest form of carbohydrate used by the body for energy
Glycogen
Glucose that is deposited and stored in bodily tissues, such as the liver and muscle cells; the storage form of carbohydrate
Triglyceride
The chemical or substrate form in which most fat exists in food as well as in the body
Essential amino acid (EAA)
Amino acid that must be obtained through the diet as the body does not make it
Nonessential amino acids
Amino acids that can be synthesized by the body and do not, under normal circumstances, need to be obtained in the diet.
Gluconeogenesis
The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources (proteins and fats)
Aerobic
Processes relating to, involving, or requiring oxygen
Anaerobic
Processes relating to the absence of oxygen
ATP-PC system
An energy system that provides energy very rapidly, for approximately 10–15 seconds, via anaerobic metabolism
Ex. short sprints
Glycolyic system
A metabolic process that occurs in the cytosol of a cell that converts glucosen into pyruvate and adenosine triphosphate.
Ex. strength training
Oxidave system
process that uses oxygen to convert food substrates into ATP
E. running for an extended period
Electron transport chain (ETC)
A series of protein complexes that transfer protons and electrons received from the citric acid cycle through a series of reactions to create adenosine triphosphate
Excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)
The state in which the body’s metabolism is elevated after exercise
Resting metabolic rate (RMR)
The rate at which the body expends energy (calories) when fasted and at complete rest, such as asleep or lying quietly
Exercise activity thermogenesis (EAT)
The calories expended through structured exercise or training
Thermic effect of food (TEF)
The energy required to digest, absorb, and process nutrients that are consumed
Nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)
Energy expenditure through daily activities outside of structured exercise
Ex. walking,
