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NASM > CHPT 5 > Flashcards

CHPT 5 Flashcards

1
Q

The human movement system includes an integration of the

A

nervous, skeletal, and
muscular systems

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2
Q

The nervous system provides

A

sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) information

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3
Q

The neuron is

A

the functional unit of the nervous system

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4
Q

The nervous system includes the

A

CNS (brain and spinal cord) and PNS (somatic and autonomic nervous system).

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5
Q

The PNS contains

A

different types of sensory receptors

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6
Q

The _____ are two important sensory receptors
(mechanoreceptors)

A

spindle and Golgi tendon organ

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7
Q

The PNS contains two subdivisions:

A

the somatic and autonomic nervous systems

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8
Q

The nervous system requires different electrolytes for proper function, which include

A

sodium, potassium, magnesium, and water

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9
Q

Motor skill development often occurs in three stages:

A

cognitive, associative, and
autonomous

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10
Q

Three components of a
neuron

A

Neurons are composed of three main parts: cell body, axon, and
dendrites

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11
Q

Afferent pathway

A

Sensory pathway that relays information to the central nervous system

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12
Q

Efferent pathway

A

A motor pathway that relays information from the central nervous
system to the rest of the body

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13
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Specialized structures that respond to mechanical forces within issues and then transmit signals through sensory
nerves.

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14
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Nerves that serve the outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle and
are largely responsible for the voluntary control of movement

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15
Q

Autonomic nervous
system

A

A division of the peripheral nervous system that supplies neural input to
organs that run the involuntary processes of the body

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16
Q

Sympathetic nervous
system

A

Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to increase
neural activity and put the body in a heightened state

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17
Q

Parasympathetic nervous
system

A

Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to decrease
neural activity and put the body in a more relaxed state

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18
Q

Proprioception

A

The body’s ability to naturally sense its general orientation and relative
position of its parts

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19
Q

Muscle spindles

A

Sensory receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the
rate of that change

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20
Q

Golgi tendon organ

A

A specialized sensory receptor located at the point where skeletal
muscle fibers insert into the tendons of skeletal muscle

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21
Q

Three stages of motor skill development

A
  1. Cognitive
  2. Associative
  3. Autonomous
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22
Q

Stage 1: Cognitive

A

you may need to use simple instructions
and break down the skill into smaller steps so your clients will be
able to understand the goals of the movement

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23
Q

Stage 2: Associative

A

you may need to help refine your clients’ skills through practice and regular feedback

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24
Q

Stage 3: Autonomous

A

you may be able to teach your clients new versions of the skill to further challenge them

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25
Q

The skeletal system has two divisions:

A

axial and appendicular

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26
Q

There are five categories of bones

A

long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid

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27
Q

The vertebral column has five distinct regions

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and
coccyx

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28
Q

In between each vertebra is an ______ that acts as a shock absorber and
assists with movement

A

intervertebral disc

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29
Q

_____ describes bone movement, and arthrokinematic describes movement at
the joint surface

A

Osteokinematic

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30
Q

Synovial joints are

A

unique with a synovial capsule but also contain other connective issues, such as ligaments and fascia that provide support.

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31
Q

Synovial joints have six classifications

A

gliding (plane), condyloid, hinge, saddle, pivot,
and ball-and-socket joints

32
Q

Skeletal system

A

A description of the bones of the body

33
Q

Axial skeleton

A

A division of the skeletal system consisting of the skull, the rib cage, and the
vertebral column

34
Q

Appendicular
skeleton

A

A division of the skeletal system consisting of the arms, legs, and pelvic girdle

35
Q

Remodeling

A

The process by which bone is constantly renewed by the resorption and formation of the bone structure

36
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Special cells that break down and remove old bone tissue.

37
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Special cells that form and lay down new bone tissue

38
Q

Long bones

A

Humerus
Femur

39
Q

Short bones

A

Carpals of the wrist
Tarsals of the ankle

40
Q

Flat bones

A

Scapulae (shoulder blades)
Sternum

41
Q

Irregular Bones

A

Vertebrae (spinal column)

42
Q

Sesamoid (small)

A

Patella (knee cap)

43
Q

Depressions

A

Flatened or indented portions of bone.

44
Q

Processes

A

Projections protruding from the bone where tendons and ligaments can attach

45
Q

Segments of
Vertebral Column (5)

A

Cervical spine (C1–C7)
Thoracic spine (T1–T12)
Lumbar spine (L1–L5)
Sacrum
Coccyx

46
Q

Cervical spine
(C1–C7)

A

-starting at the top of the spinal
column
- Form a flexible framework and provide support and motion
for the head

47
Q

Thoracic spine
(T1–T12)

A

located in the upper and middle back behind the ribs

48
Q

Lumbar spine
(L1–L5)

A
  • vertebrae of the low-back below the thoracic spine
    -Support most of the body’s weight and are attached to many back muscles
49
Q

Sacrum

A

triangular bone located below the lumbar spine

50
Q

Coccyx

A
  • known as the
    tailbone
    -Composed of three to five small fused bones
51
Q

Osteokinematics

A

Movement of a limb that is visible

52
Q

Arthrokinematics

A

The description of joint surface movement; consists of three major types: roll,
slide, and spin

53
Q

Synovial joints

A

A joint with a fluid-filled joint capsule

54
Q

Nonaxial

A

A gliding joint that moves in only one plane, either back and forth or side to
side

55
Q

Nonsynovial joints

A

Joints that have no joint capsule, fibrous connective tissue, or cartilage in the uniting structure

56
Q

The muscular system links

A

the nervous and skeletal systems and generates force to move the human body

57
Q

Myofibrils consist of

A

repeating sarcomeres and the myofilaments action and myosin,
which create the muscle contraction called the sliding filament theory

58
Q

Excitaton-contraction coupling describes the

A

the steps in the muscle contraction process
involving the nervous and muscular systems

59
Q

The _____ principle describes how a motor unit either maximally contracts or does not contract at all

A

all-or-nothing

60
Q

Type I

A

slow-twitch, muscle fibers are smaller in size, produce less force, and are fatigue
resistant

61
Q

Type II

A

fast-twitch, muscle fibers are larger in size, produce more force, and fatigue
quickly

62
Q

Three types of muscles

A

are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

63
Q

Fascia

A

Connective tissue that surrounds muscles and bones

64
Q

Epimysium

A

Inner layer of fascia that directly surrounds an entire muscle

65
Q

Fascicles

A

Largest bundles of fibers within a muscle

66
Q

Perimysium

A

Connective tissue surrounding a muscle fascicle

67
Q

Endomysium

A

Connective tissue that wraps around individual muscle fibers within a
fascicle

68
Q

Tendons v. Ligaments

A
  • Tendons connect muscles to bones
  • Ligaments connect bones to bones
69
Q

Myofibrils

A

The contractile components of a muscle cell;

70
Q

Myofilaments

A

The filaments of a myofibril; include actin and myosin

71
Q

Actin

A

The thin, stringlike, myofilament that acts along with myosin to produce
muscular contraction

72
Q

Myosin

A

The thick myofilament that acts along with actin to produce muscular
contraction

73
Q

Sarcomere

A

The structural unit of a myofibril composed of actin and myosin filaments
between two Z-lines.

74
Q

Motor unit

A

A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates

75
Q

Sliding filament theory

A

The series of steps in muscle contraction involving how myosin (thick) and
actin (thin) filaments slide past one another to produce a muscle
contraction, shortening the entire length of the sarcomere

76
Q

Type I muscle fibers

A

Muscle fibers that are small in size, generate lower amounts of force, and are more resistant to fatigue

77
Q

Type II muscle fibers

A

Muscle fibers that are larger in size, generate higher amounts of force,
and are faster to fatigue

NASM (14 decks)

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