CHPT 5 Flashcards
The human movement system includes an integration of the
nervous, skeletal, and
muscular systems
The nervous system provides
sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) information
The neuron is
the functional unit of the nervous system
The nervous system includes the
CNS (brain and spinal cord) and PNS (somatic and autonomic nervous system).
The PNS contains
different types of sensory receptors
The _____ are two important sensory receptors
(mechanoreceptors)
spindle and Golgi tendon organ
The PNS contains two subdivisions:
the somatic and autonomic nervous systems
The nervous system requires different electrolytes for proper function, which include
sodium, potassium, magnesium, and water
Motor skill development often occurs in three stages:
cognitive, associative, and
autonomous
Three components of a
neuron
Neurons are composed of three main parts: cell body, axon, and
dendrites
Afferent pathway
Sensory pathway that relays information to the central nervous system
Efferent pathway
A motor pathway that relays information from the central nervous
system to the rest of the body
Mechanoreceptors
Specialized structures that respond to mechanical forces within issues and then transmit signals through sensory
nerves.
Somatic nervous system
Nerves that serve the outer areas of the body and skeletal muscle and
are largely responsible for the voluntary control of movement
Autonomic nervous
system
A division of the peripheral nervous system that supplies neural input to
organs that run the involuntary processes of the body
Sympathetic nervous
system
Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to increase
neural activity and put the body in a heightened state
Parasympathetic nervous
system
Subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that works to decrease
neural activity and put the body in a more relaxed state
Proprioception
The body’s ability to naturally sense its general orientation and relative
position of its parts
Muscle spindles
Sensory receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the
rate of that change
Golgi tendon organ
A specialized sensory receptor located at the point where skeletal
muscle fibers insert into the tendons of skeletal muscle
Three stages of motor skill development
- Cognitive
- Associative
- Autonomous
Stage 1: Cognitive
you may need to use simple instructions
and break down the skill into smaller steps so your clients will be
able to understand the goals of the movement
Stage 2: Associative
you may need to help refine your clients’ skills through practice and regular feedback
Stage 3: Autonomous
you may be able to teach your clients new versions of the skill to further challenge them
The skeletal system has two divisions:
axial and appendicular
There are five categories of bones
long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid
The vertebral column has five distinct regions
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and
coccyx
In between each vertebra is an ______ that acts as a shock absorber and
assists with movement
intervertebral disc
_____ describes bone movement, and arthrokinematic describes movement at
the joint surface
Osteokinematic
Synovial joints are
unique with a synovial capsule but also contain other connective issues, such as ligaments and fascia that provide support.
Synovial joints have six classifications
gliding (plane), condyloid, hinge, saddle, pivot,
and ball-and-socket joints
Skeletal system
A description of the bones of the body
Axial skeleton
A division of the skeletal system consisting of the skull, the rib cage, and the
vertebral column
Appendicular
skeleton
A division of the skeletal system consisting of the arms, legs, and pelvic girdle
Remodeling
The process by which bone is constantly renewed by the resorption and formation of the bone structure
Osteoclasts
Special cells that break down and remove old bone tissue.
Osteoblasts
Special cells that form and lay down new bone tissue
Long bones
Humerus
Femur
Short bones
Carpals of the wrist
Tarsals of the ankle
Flat bones
Scapulae (shoulder blades)
Sternum
Irregular Bones
Vertebrae (spinal column)
Sesamoid (small)
Patella (knee cap)
Depressions
Flatened or indented portions of bone.
Processes
Projections protruding from the bone where tendons and ligaments can attach
Segments of
Vertebral Column (5)
Cervical spine (C1–C7)
Thoracic spine (T1–T12)
Lumbar spine (L1–L5)
Sacrum
Coccyx
Cervical spine
(C1–C7)
-starting at the top of the spinal
column
- Form a flexible framework and provide support and motion
for the head
Thoracic spine
(T1–T12)
located in the upper and middle back behind the ribs
Lumbar spine
(L1–L5)
- vertebrae of the low-back below the thoracic spine
-Support most of the body’s weight and are attached to many back muscles
Sacrum
triangular bone located below the lumbar spine
Coccyx
- known as the
tailbone
-Composed of three to five small fused bones
Osteokinematics
Movement of a limb that is visible
Arthrokinematics
The description of joint surface movement; consists of three major types: roll,
slide, and spin
Synovial joints
A joint with a fluid-filled joint capsule
Nonaxial
A gliding joint that moves in only one plane, either back and forth or side to
side
Nonsynovial joints
Joints that have no joint capsule, fibrous connective tissue, or cartilage in the uniting structure
The muscular system links
the nervous and skeletal systems and generates force to move the human body
Myofibrils consist of
repeating sarcomeres and the myofilaments action and myosin,
which create the muscle contraction called the sliding filament theory
Excitaton-contraction coupling describes the
the steps in the muscle contraction process
involving the nervous and muscular systems
The _____ principle describes how a motor unit either maximally contracts or does not contract at all
all-or-nothing
Type I
slow-twitch, muscle fibers are smaller in size, produce less force, and are fatigue
resistant
Type II
fast-twitch, muscle fibers are larger in size, produce more force, and fatigue
quickly
Three types of muscles
are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
Fascia
Connective tissue that surrounds muscles and bones
Epimysium
Inner layer of fascia that directly surrounds an entire muscle
Fascicles
Largest bundles of fibers within a muscle
Perimysium
Connective tissue surrounding a muscle fascicle
Endomysium
Connective tissue that wraps around individual muscle fibers within a
fascicle
Tendons v. Ligaments
- Tendons connect muscles to bones
- Ligaments connect bones to bones
Myofibrils
The contractile components of a muscle cell;
Myofilaments
The filaments of a myofibril; include actin and myosin
Actin
The thin, stringlike, myofilament that acts along with myosin to produce
muscular contraction
Myosin
The thick myofilament that acts along with actin to produce muscular
contraction
Sarcomere
The structural unit of a myofibril composed of actin and myosin filaments
between two Z-lines.
Motor unit
A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates
Sliding filament theory
The series of steps in muscle contraction involving how myosin (thick) and
actin (thin) filaments slide past one another to produce a muscle
contraction, shortening the entire length of the sarcomere
Type I muscle fibers
Muscle fibers that are small in size, generate lower amounts of force, and are more resistant to fatigue
Type II muscle fibers
Muscle fibers that are larger in size, generate higher amounts of force,
and are faster to fatigue
