CHPT 7 Flashcards
Movement is described in three dimensions that are based on planes, which include
the sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes
______ describes the observable movement of a limb
Osteokinematic
______ describes the movement taking place at the joint itself
Arthrokinematic
The _________ is an imaginary line that bisects the body into right and le sides.
sagittal plane
Movements in the sagittal plane include ____ and ______ , and ________ and ________ of the foot and ankle
- flexion and extension
- plantar flexion and dorsiflexion
The _______ bisects the body to create front and back halves
frontal plane
Movements in the frontal plane include ______ and _______ of the limbs, ________ of the spine, and _______ and ______ at the foot and ankle complex
- abduction and adduction
- lateral flexion
- eversion and inversion
The ________ bisects the body to create upper and lower halves
transverse plane
Movements in the transverse plane include (4)
- internal and external rotation for the limbs
- right and left rotation for the head and trunk
- horizontal abduction and adduction of the limbs,
- radioulnar pronation and supination.
Motions of the scapulae include (4)
- retraction
- protraction
- depression
- elevation
Muscle actions are described as
- isotonic
- isometric
- isokinetic
Isotonic muscle actions can be broken down into the ____ and _____
concentric and eccentric phases
Muscles can play the role of _____, _______, ______, or _______ depending on the movement being performed
- agonist
- synergist
- stabilizer
- antagonist
________ movements anchor the body to the ground or immovable object, whereas
_________ movement involves the distal limb moving freely in space
- Closed-chain
- Open-chain
The stretch-shortening cycle involves three phases
- eccentric phase,
- amorization phase
- concentric phase
The term _______ is used to describe muscles that work in a synergistic function
around a joint
force-couple
The ________ involves muscles that generally attach on or near the spine and provide stability for the LPHC
local muscular system
The ________ can be broken down into subsystems, which include the deep
longitudinal, posterior oblique, anterior oblique, and lateral subsystems
global muscle system
The ________ describe the integrated function of muscle groups to transfer force for complex multijoint movements and stabilization of the HMS
subsystems
The amount of force produced by the HMS relies on not only
muscle recruitment but also the lever type of the joint that is moving
Lever systems are classified as _____, ______ and ______ class
first, second, and third
_________ describe the cooperative function of multiple muscles recruited by the
nervous system to complete a given movement pattern
Muscle synergies
_________ is the intrinsic awareness of movement and bodily posion in space
Proprioception
__________ is the integration of motor control processes, with practice and
experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled
movements.
Motor learning
Medial
closer to the midline of the body
Lateral
farther away from the midline or
toward the outside of the body
Contralateral
the opposite side of the body
Ipsilateral
the same side of the body
Anterior
on or toward the front of the
body
Posterior
on or toward the back of the
body
Proximal
nearest to the center of the body
or other identified reference point
Distal
farthest from the center of the
body or other identfied reference point
Inferior
below an identified reference
point
Superior
above an identified reference point
Dorsiflexion
Flexion occurring at the ankle
Plantar flexion
Extension occurring at the ankle
Isotonic
Force is produced, muscle tension is developed, and movement
occurs through a given range of motion
Isometric
Muscle tension is created without a change in muscle length and no visible movement of the joint
Isokinetic
speed of movement is fixed, and resistance varies with the force exerted
Agonists
primary muscles providing force for a movement
ex. glute maximus is the agonist for hip extension
Synergists
muscles that assist agonists to produce a movement
ex. hamstring and spinae with glute maximus during hip extension
Stabilizers
Muscles that contract isometrically to stabilize the trunk and joints as the body
moves
Antagonists
Muscles on the opposite side of a joint that are in direct opposition of agonist
muscles
The primary characteristic of closed-chain movements is that
the distal segments, such as a person’s hands or feet, are fixed and remain in contact with a stationary surface
Ex. of closed-chain exercises
- Push-ups
- Pull-ups
- Squats
- Lunges
The primary characteristic of open-chain movements is that
the distal segments (hands and feet) are not fixed, and they are free to move in space
Ex. open-chain exercises
- Biceps curls
- Lat pulldowns
- Bench presses
- Leg curls
- Leg extensions
muscle action spectrum
the full range of eccentric, isometric, and concentric muscle contractions required to perform a movement
Lengthtension relationship
The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length
Altered lengthtension relationship
When a muscle’s resting length is too short or too long, reducing the amount of force it can produce
Reciprocal inhibition
When an agonist receives a signal to contract, its functional antagonist also receives
an inhibitory signal allowing it to lengthen
Altered reciprocal inhibition
Occurs when an overactive agonist muscle decreases the neural drive to its functional antagonist
Muscle imbalance
When muscles on each side of a joint have altered length-tension relationships
Integrated performance paradigm
To move with efficiency, forces must be dampened (eccentrically), stabilized
(isometrically), and then accelerated (concentrically)
Force-couple relationship
The synergistic acon of multiple muscles working together to produce movement
around a joint
First-class levers
have the fulcrum in the middle, like a seesaw
Second-class levers
have a resistance in the middle with the fulcrum and effort on either side
Third-class levers
have the effort placed between the resistance and the fulcrum
Motor behavior
Motor response to internal and external environmental stimuli
Motor control
How the central nervous system integrates internal and external sensory information
with previous experiences to produce a motor response
Motor learning
Integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a
relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled motor behavior
Motor development
Change in skilled motor behavior over me throughout the life span
Internal feedback
Process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment
External feedback
Information provided by some external source
