Chpt 5,6,7 Flashcards by Stephanie Pudalov

an/o

anus

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append/o

appendix

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bucc/o

cheek

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cec/o

cecum

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celi/o

belly, abdomen

*also abdomin/o and lapar/o

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peristalsis

Rhythmic contractions of the tubular organs

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cheil/o

lip

*also labi/o

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cholecyst/o

gallbladder

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chol/e

gall, bile

*also bili/o

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choledoch/o

common bile duct

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col/o

colon

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-stomy

new opening

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dent/i

tooth

*also odont/o

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odont/o

tooth

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duoden/o

duodenum

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enter/o

small intestines

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parenteral

par (from para-) = apart

pertaining to apart from the intestines

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TPN

total parenteral nutrition

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esophag/o

esophagus

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fasci/o

face

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gastr/o

stomach

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gingivo/o

gums

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gloss/o

tongue

*also lingu/o

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hepat/o

liver

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ile/o

ileum

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jejun/o

jejunum

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labi/o

lip

*also cheil/o

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lapar/o

abdomen

*also abdomin/o and celi/o

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lingu/o

tongue

*also gloss/o

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mandibul/o

mandible

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endodontist

performs root canal therapy

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periodontist

one who specializes in around the tooth (gums)

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or/o

mouth

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palat/o

palate

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pancreat/o

pancreas

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peritone/o

peritoneum

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pharyng/o

throat

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proct/o

anus and rectum

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pylor/o

pyloric sphinctor

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rect/o

rectum

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sialaden/o

salivary gland

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sigmoid/o

sigmoid colon

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stomat/o

mouth

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uvul/o

uvula

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amyl/o

starch

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bil/i

gall, bile

*also chol/e

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bilirubin/o

bilirubin (bile pigment)

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lith/o

stone

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-ase

enzyme

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-iasis

abnormal condition

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chlorhydr/o

hydrochloric acid

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gluc/o

sugar

*also glyc/o

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glyc/o

sugar

*also gluc/o

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glycogen/o

glycogen, animal starch

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lip/o

fat, lipid

*also steat/o

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prote/o

protein

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py/o

pus

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sial/o

saliva, salivary

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steat/o

fat

*also lip/o

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-chezia

defecation

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-prandial

meal

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anorexia

loss of appetite

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-on

functional unit

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ascites

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

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borborygmus

Rumbling or gurgling noise produced by the movement of gas, fluid, or both in the GI tract

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dysphagia

Difficulty swallowing

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eructation

Burping- gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth

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flatus

gas expelled through the anus

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hematochezia

Passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectum.

-BRBPR comes from this

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jaundice (icterus)

Yellow coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia)

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melena

-What is stool guaiac testing?

Black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood

results from bleeding in the upper GI and blood is digested
Stool guaiac testing detects blood in the stool

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steatorrhea

Fat in the feces; frothy, foul-smelling fecal matter.

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aphthous stomatitis

aphthous = ulcers
stomatitis = inflammation of the mouth
-Inflammation of the mouth with small painful ulcers
-Ulcers called canker sores

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dental caries

tooth decay

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herpetic stomatitis

inflammation of the mouth caused by infection with the herpes virus.
-called fever blisters or cold sores

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oral leukoplakia

white plaques or patches on the mucosa of the mouth

- pre cancerous lesion, can be malignant

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periodontal disease

Inflammation and degeneration of the gums, teeth, and surrounding bone.

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achalasia

a = no
chalasia = relaxation
-failure to lower the esophagus sphincter muscle to relax

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esophageal varices

Swollen varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus.
-caused by incr pressure in veins near liver (portal hypertension) due to liver disease (usually do to alcohol- cirrhosis)

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gastroesophageal reflex disease (GERD)

Solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach

-leads to esophageal cancer

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hernia

what are the 3 types

protrusion of an organ or part through the tissues and muscles normally containing it.
1-hiatal
2-inguinal
3-umbilius

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hiatal hernia

occurs when the upper part of the stomach protrudes upward through the diaphragm
-can lead to GERD

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Inguinal hernia

occurs when a small loop of bowel protrudes through a weak lower abdominal wall tissue (fascia) surrounding muscles.

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peptic ulcer

open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum

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anal fistula

Abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus

-often results from a break (fissure) in the wall of the anus or rectum or from an abscess (infected area)

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colonic polyps

Polyps (benign growth) protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon.

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colorectal cancer

adenocarcinoma of the colon, rectum or both

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Crohn disease

Chronic inflammation of the intestinal bowel (more small bowel)

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diverticulosis

abnormal outpouchings (diverticula) in the intestinal wall of the colon.

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diverticulitis

complication of diverticulosis, when fecal matter becomes trapped in the diverticula.
-pain and rectal bleeding are symptoms

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dysentery

Painful, inflamed intestines commonly caused by bacteria

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hemorrhoids

swollen, twisted veins in the anus

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ileus

loss of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines.

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inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

Inflammation of the colon and small intestines

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intussusception

Telescoping of the intestines

-one segment of bowel collapses into the opening of another segment

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Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

Group of GI symptoms (abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation), but without abnormalities in the intestines

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ulcerative colitis

chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers

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volvulus

twisting of the intestine on itself

-get get necrosis

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cholelithiasis

Abnormal condition of gallstones in the gallbladder

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pancreatoduodenectomy/ whipple procedure

Standard surgical treatment for pancreatic cancer

-remove duodenum and pancreas

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viral hepatitis

inflammation of the liver caused by a virus

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first part of the large intestine

cecum

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second part of the small intestine

jejunum

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3rd part of the small intestine

ileum

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large organ in ROQ; secretes bile, stores sugar, produces blood proteins

liver

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lowest part of the colon

sigmoid

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first part of the small intestine

duodenum

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organ under the stomach; produces insulin and digestive enzymes

pancreas

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removal of a salivary gland

sialadenectomy

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hernia of the rectum

rectocele

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after meals

post prandial

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study of the cause (of disease)

etiology

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pertaining to teeth and cheek

dentibuccal

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disease condition of the small intestine

enteropathy

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new opening bw the common bile duct and the jejunum

cholecdochojejunostomy

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new opening from the colon to the outside of the body

colostomy

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inflammation of the large intestine

colitis

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inflammation of the passageway from the throat to the stomach

esophagitis

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inflammation of the membrane surrounding the abdomen

peritonitis

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inflammation of the gallbladder

cholecystitis

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inflammation of the third part of the small intestine

ileitis

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inflammation of the mouth

stomatitis

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inflammation of the small and large intestines

enterocolitis

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high level of blood sugar

hyperglycemia

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inflammation of the lip

cheilitis

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pertaining to administrations of meds and fluid other than by mouth

parenteral

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mucous membrane

mucosa

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expulsion of feces from the body through the anus

defecation

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breakdown (conversion) of starch to sugar

glycogenolysis

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fan-like membrane that connects the small intestine to the abdominal wall

mesentery

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large vessel that takes blood to the liver from the intestines

portal vein

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new surgical connection bw structures or organs

anastomosis

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pertaining to bile ducts

biliary

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process of forming new sugar from proteins and fats

gluconeogenesis

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high levels of bile pigment in the bloodstream

hyperbilirubinemia

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passage of bright red blood from the rectum

hematochezia

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lack of appetite

anorexia

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fat in the feces

steatorrhea

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black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood

melena

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abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

ascites

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rumbling noise produced by gas in the GI tract

borborygmus

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gas expelled through the anus

flatus

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loose, watery stool

diarrhea

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difficulty swallowing

dysphagia

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gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth

eructation

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Mr. Jones, a smoker and heavy drinker, complained of dysphagia in recent months. A longstanding condition of Barrett esophagus resulted in his malignant condition.
Diagnosis?

Esophageal cancer

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Abnormal tube-like passageway near his anus caused Mr. Rosen’s proctalgia. His doctor performed surgery to close off this abnormality.
Diagnosis?

Anal fistula

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Carols dentist informed her that the enamel of three teeth was damaged by bacteria-producing acid.
Diagnosis?

Dental caries

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Paola’s symptoms of chronic diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and fever led her dr to suspect that she suffered from an inflammatory bowel disease affecting the distal portion of her ileum. The Dr. prescribed steroid drugs to heal her condition.
Diagnosis?

Cronhs disease (Crohn’s)

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During a routine dental checkup, Dr. Friedman discovered white plaques on Mr. Longo’s buccal mucosa. He advised Mr. Longo, who was a chronic smoker and heavy drinker, to have these precancerous lesions removed.
Diagnosis?

Oral leukoplakia

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Every time Carl had a stressed time at work, he developed a fever blister (cold sore) on his lip, resulting from reactivation of a previous viral infection. His doctor told him that there was no treatment 100% effective in preventing the reappearance of these lesions.
Diagnosis?

Herpetic stomatitis

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Mr. Green had a biopsy of a neoplastic lesion in his descending colon. The pathology report indicated a malignancy. A partial colectomy was necessary.
Diagnosis?

Colorectal cancer

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Small ulcers (canker sores) appeared on Diane's gums. They were painful and annoying.
Diagnosis?

aphthous stomatitis

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Sharon’s failure to floss her teeth and remove dental plaque regularly led to the development of gingivitis and pyorrhea. Her dentist advised consulting a specialist who could treat her condition.
Diagnosis?

Periodontal disease

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Imaging test revealed a tumor in a section of Mr. Smith’s pancreas. His physician told him that since it had not spread, he could hope for a cure with surgery. He had a pancreatoduodenectomy (whipple procedure), which was successful.
Diagnosis?

Pancreatic cancer

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Mr. Clark complained of pain during swallowing. His physician explained that the pain was caused by failure of muscles in his lower esophagus to relax during swallowing.
Diagnosis?

Achlasia

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Mr. Hart learned that his colonoscopy shows the presence of small benign growths protruding from the mucous membrane of his large intestine.
Diagnosis?

Colonic polyps

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Protrusion of the upper part of the stomach through the diaphragm

Hiatal hernia

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painful, inflamed intestines caused by bacterial infection

Dysentery

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Swollen twisted veins in the rectal region

Hemorrhoids

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Open sore or lesion of the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum

Peptic ulcer

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Loss of peristalsis

Ileus

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Twisting of the intestine on itself

Volvulus

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Swollen, varicose veins on the surface of the distal portion of the esophagus

esophageal varices

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Abnormal out-pouchings in the intestinal wall

diverticulosis

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Chronic inflammation of the colon with destruction of its inner surface

ulcerative colitis

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telescoping of the intestines

intussusception

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Inflammation of the liver caused by type A, type B, or type C virus

Viral hepatitis

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Inflammation of the pancreas

Pancreatitis

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Calculi in the sac that stores bile

Cholecystolithiasis (gall stones)

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Chronic degenerative liver disease with scarring resulting from alcoholism or infectious hepatitis

Cirrhosis

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GI symptoms (diarrhea or constipation, abdominal pain, bloating) with no evidence of structural abnormalities

Irritable bowel syndrome

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Membrane (peritoneal fold) that holds the intestines together

mesentery

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removal of the gall bladder

cholecystectomy

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black, or dark brown, tarry stools containing blood

melena

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High levels of pigment in the blood (jaundice)

Hyperbilirubinemia

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Pertaining to under the tongue

sublingual

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Twisting of the intestines on itself

volvulus

Organ under the stomach that produces insulin and digestive enzymes

pancreas

New connection bw two previously unconnected tubes

Anastomoses

Absence of acid in the stomach

Achlorhydria

Return of solids and fluids to the mouth from the stomach

Gastroesophageal reflux

Removal of soft tissue hanging from the roof of the mouth

uvulectomy

Formation of stones

lithogenesis

-ectasis

dilation, widening

*also -ectasia

-ectasia

dilation widening

*also -ectasis

Cholangi/o

bile duct (vessel)

-emesis

vomiting

-pepsia

digestion

-phagia

eating, swallowing

-ptysis

spitting

-rrhage, -rrhagia

bursting forth (of blood)

-rrhaphy

suture

-spasm

involuntary contraction of muscles

-stasis

stopping, controlling

-stenosis

narrowing, tightening

-tresia

opening

celiac

pertaining to the abdomen

Splen/o

spleen

Liver function tests (LFTs)

Tests for the presence of enzymes and bilirubin in the blood

Stool guaic test or Hemoccult test

Test to detect occult (hidden) blood in the feces

-Impt screening test for colon cancer

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

Contrast material administers through oral catheter

-Diagnoses problems involving bile ducts, gall bladder, and pancreas

Abdominal ultrasonography

Sound waves beamed into the abdomen produce an image of abdominal viscera

Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)

Use of endoscope combined with ultrasound to examine the organs of the GI

Gastric bypass or bariatric surgery

Reducing the size of the stomach and diverting food to the jejunum (gastrojejunostomy)

bar/o

weight

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass procedure

Reduces the stomach to a vol of 2 tablespoons and bypasses much of the small intestine.

ALT

Alanine transaminase, aspartate, transaminase
(enzymes measured to evaluate liver function)
*AST is same

AST

Alanine transaminase, aspartate, transaminase
(enzymes measured to evaluate liver function)
*ALT is same

barium enema

bowel movement

BRBPR

bright red blood per rectum

hematochezia

computed tomography

EGD

esophagogastroduodenoscopy

ERCP

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

EUS

endoscopic ultrasonography

G tube

gastrostomy tube

gall bladder

GURD

gastroesophageal reflux disease

HBV

hepatitis B virus

IBD

imflammatory bowel disease

2 types of IBDs

chrons and ulcerative colitis

LFTs

liver function tests

MRI

magnetic resonance imaging

NG tube

nasogastric tube

NPO

nothing per mouth

PEG tube

percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube (feeding tube)

PEJ tube

percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy tube (feeding tube)

PUD

peptic ulcer disease

TPN

total parenteral nutrition

stoppage of bile (flow)

cholestasis

suture of a hernia

heniorrhaphy

dilation of bile ducts

cholangiectasia

spitting up blood (from the respiratory tract)

hemoptysis

vomiting blood (from the digestive tract)

hematemesis

surgical repair of the roof of the mouth

palatoplasty

narrowing of the pyloric sphincter

pyloric stenosis

bursting forth of blood from the stomach

gastrorrhagia

sudden, involuntary contraction of muscles at the distal region of the stomach

pylorospasm

bursting forth of blood

hemorrhage

incision of the common bile duct

choledochotomy

dysphagia

difficulty swallowing

polyphagia

a lot of swallowing (eating)

dyspepsia

difficulty digesting

biliary atresia

biliary ducts not open

pyorrhea

flow of pus

cholestasis

stoppage of bile (flow)

esophageal atresia

pertaining to the esophagus not open (closed off at birth)

pyloroplasty

surgical repair of the pyloric sphincter

splenorrhagia

bursting forth of blood from the spleen

proctosigmoidoscopy

visual exam of the rectum, anus and sigmoid colon

hemorrhage

bursting forth of blood

cholangitis

inflammation of the bile ducts

removal of the gall bladder

cholecystectomy

large bowel resection

colectomy

suture of weakened muscular wall (hernia)

herniorrhaphy

new opening of the first part of the colon to the outside of the body

cecostomy

surgical repair of the abdomen

abdominoplasty

incision of a ring of muscles

sphincterotomy

removal of the pancreas and duodenum

pancreatooduodenectomy

opening of the third part of the small intestine to the outside of the body

ileostomy

removal of gum tissue

gingivectomy

surgical puncture of the abdomen for withdrawal of fluid

paracentesis (abdominocentesis)

discharge of fat

steatorrhea

difficulty swallowing

dysphagia

abnormal condition of gall stones

cholelithiasis

pertaining to the cheek

buccal

pertaining to the lips and teeth

labiodental

vomiting blood

hematemesis

enlargement of the liver

hepatomegaly

removal of the gall bladder

cholecystectomy

pertaining to the common bile duct

choledochal

hemorrhage from the stomach

gastrorrhagia

cecal volvulus

twisted intestine in the area of the cecum

aphthous stomatitis

inflammation of the mouth with small ulcers

celiac disease

autoimmune disorder where villi in the lining of the small intestine are damaged, resulting from dietary glutens such as wheat, barley and rye

lipase

enzyme to digest fat

cheilosis

abnormal condition of the lips

oropharynx

the part of the throat near the mouth

glycogen

storage form of sugar

glossectomy

removal of the tongue

sialadenectomy

removal of salivary gland

periodontal membrane

membrane surrounding a tooth

choledochectasia

dilation of common bile duct

cholangiocarcinoma

malignant tumor of bile vessels

measurement of bile pigment in the blood

serum bilirubin

placement of feces in a growth medium for bacterial analysis

stool culture

x-ray examination of the lower GI tract

barium enema

imagina of abdominal viscera via sound waves

abdominal ultrasonography

test to reveal hidden blood in feces

stool guiac (hemoccult)

sequential x-ray images of the small intestine

small bowel follow-through

injection of contrast material through the skin into the liver, to obtain x-ray images of the pancreas and bile ducts

per-cutaneous trans-hepatic colangiography (PTHC)

reduction of stomach size and gastrojejunostomy

gastric bypass (bariatric surgery)

insertion of an endoscope and use of ultrasound imaging to visualize the organs of the GI tract

endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)

percutaneous removal of liver tissue followed by microscopic examination

liver biopsy

visual examination of abdominal viscera through small abdominal incisions

laparoscopy

new opening of the stomach to the outside of the body for feeding

gastrostomy (G tube)

radioactive imaging of the liver, gallbladder, and intesting

HIDA scan

injection of contrast material via endoscope to obtain x-ray images of the pancreas and bile ducts

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

bursting forth of blood

-rrhagia, -rrhage

suture

-rrhaphy

dilation

-ectasis, -ectasia

narrowing

-stenosis

vomiting

-emesis

spitting

-ptysis

excision

-ectomy

digestion

-pepsia

eating, swallowing

-phagia

hardening

-sclerosis

stopping, controlling

-stasis

opening

-tresia

cali/o, calic/o

calyx (cup-shaped)

cyst/o

urinary bladder

*also vesic/o

glomerul/o

glomerulus

meat/o

meatus

nephr/o

kidney

pyel/o

renal pelvis

ren/o

kidney

trigon/o

trigone (region of the bladder)

ureter/o

ureter

urethr/o

urethra

vesic/o

urinary bladder

*also cyst/o

albumin/o

albumin

azot/o

nitrogen

bacteri/o

bacteria

dips/o

thirst

kal/o

potassium

ket/o, keton/o

ketone body (ketoacids and acetone)

natr/o

sodium

noct/o

night

olig/o

scanty

-poietin

substance that forms

-tripsy

crushing

ur/o

urine (urea)

*also urin/o

urin/o

uring

*also ur/o

-uria

urination; urine condition

When Mrs. Smith began to have diarrhea and crampy abdominal pain, she consulted a (urologist, nephrologist, gastroenterologist) and worried that the cause of her symptoms might be (inflammatory bowel disease, esophageal varices, achlasia)

gastroenterologist

- inflammatory bowel disease

After taking a careful history and performing a thorough physical exam, Dr. Blakemore diagnosed Mr. Bean, a long-time drinker, with (hemorrhoids, pancreatitis, appendicitis). Mr. Bean had complained of sharp midepigastric pain and a change in bowel habits.

-pancreatitis

Many pregnant women cannot lie flat after eating without experience a burning sensation in their chest and throat. The usual cause of this symptom is (volvulus, dysentry, gastroesophageal reflux)

gastroesophageal reflux

Mr. and Mrs. Cho brought their young infant son to the clinic after he had several bouts of projectile vomiting. The pediatric surgeon suspected a diagnosis of (inguinal hernia, pyloric stenosis, ascites)

-pyloric steosis

Borris had terrible problems with his teeth. He needed not only a periodontist for his (aphthous stomatitis, oral leukoplakia, gingivitis), but also an (endodontist, oral surgeon, orthodontist) to straighten his teeth.

gingivitis

- orthodontist

After 6 weeks of radiation therapy to her throat, Betty experienced severe esophageal irritation and inflammation. She complained to her doctor about her resulting (dyspepsia, dysphagia, hematemesis)

-dyphagia

Steven, age 7, is brought to the clinic bc of recurrent abdominal pain, occasional constipation and diarrhea, and weight loss. His pediatrician’s diagnosis is (lipase deficiency, dysentery, celiac disease) and recommends a (fat, gluten, sugar)-free diet

celiac disease

- gluten

Chris had been a heavy alcohol drinker all of his adult life. His wife notices worsening yellow discoloration of the whites of his eyes and skin. After physical exam and blood tests, is dr told him his (colon, skin, liver) was diseased. The yellowish discoloration was (jaundice, melena, flatus) and his condition was (cheilosis, cirrhosis, steatorrhea).

liver
jaundice
cirrhosis

When Carol was working as a phlebotomist, she accidentally cut her finger while drawing a patients blood. Unfortunately, the patient had (pancreatitis, hemoptysis, hepatitis), and HBV was transmitted to Carol. Blood tests and (liver biopsy, gastrointestinal endoscopy, stool culture) confirmed Carol’s diagnosis. Her dr told her that her condition was chronic and that she might be a candidate for a (bone marrow, liver, kidney) transplant in the future.

hepatitis
liver biopsy
liver

Operation Smile is a rescue project that performs (heniorrhaphy, oral gingivectomy, palatoplasty) on children with a congenital cleft in the roof of the mouth.

-palatoplasty

glomerulonephritis

inflammation of the glomeruli within the kidney

intestinal nephritis

inflammation of the connective tissue that lies bw the renal tubules

nephrolithiasis

kidney stones (renal calculi)

nephrotic syndrom (nephrosis)

Group of clinical signs and symptoms caused by excessive protein loss in urine

polycystic kidney disease (PKD) * know abbrev

Multiple fluid-filled sacs (cysts) within and on the kidney

pyelonephritis

inflammation of the lining of the kidney

renal failure

decr excretion of wastes results from impaired filtration function

Wilms tumor*

malignant tumor of the kidney occurring in childhood

diabetes insipidus (DI)

ADH is not secreted, or there is a resistance of the kidney to ADH

diabetes mellitus (DM)

insulin is not secreted adequately or tissues are resistant of insulin

retrograde pyelogram (RP)

X-ray image of the renal pelvis and ureters after injection of contrast material through urinary catheter into the ureters from the bladder

voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)

X-ray image of urinary bladder and urethra obtained while the patient is voiding

cystoscopy

Direct visualization of the urethra and urinary bladder with an endoscope (cystoscope)

dialysis*

process of separating nitrogenous waste materials from the blood

lithotripsy

-what is the removal procedure?

stones (in urinary tract) are crushed

-removal by ESWL (extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy)

what is ESWL? word and definition

extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

- removal procedure for lithotripsy

ADH

anti-diuretic hormone (vasopressin)

BUN

blood urea nitrogen

CRD

chronic kidney disease

CRF

chronic renal failure

C&S

culture and sensitivity

cysto

cystoscopic examination

interstitial cystitis

IVP

intravenous pyelogram

KUB

kidney, ureter, bladder

PKD

polycystic kidney disease

retrograde pyelography

urinalysis

UTI

urinary tract infection

VCUG

voiding cystourethrogram

caliceal

pertaining to a calix

uric acid

nitrogenous waste excreted in urine

urinary meatal stenosis

narrowing of the urinary meatus

cystocele

hernia in the urinary bladder

pyelolithotomy

incision to remove a stone from the renal pelvis

trigonitis

inflammation of the trigone

ureterileostomy

new opening bw the ureter and ileum

urethrosteosis

narrowing of the urethra

vesicoureteral reflux

backflow of urine from the bladder into the ureter

medullary

pertaining to inner, middle section (of kidney)

cortical

pertaining to outer section (of kidney)

calciferol

active form of vit D secreted by kidneys

nocturia

night urinating

dysuria

painful urinating

oliguria

scanty urination

polyuria

a lot of urinating

anuria

not urinating

pyuria

pus in the urine

albuminuria

albumin (protein) in the urine

hematuria

blood in the urine

glycosuria

sugar in the urine

ketonuria

ketones (acetones) in the urine

bacteriuria

bacteria in the urine

azotemia

excess nitrogenous waste in the bloodstream

polydipsia

condition of a lot of thirst

urinary incontinence

inability to hold urine in the bladder

enuresis

bed-wetting

urinary retention

inability to release urine from the bladder

ketosis

abnormal condition of ketones

Abnormal particles present in the urine – cells, bacteria, casts, and crystals

sediment

Smoky-red color of urine caused by presence of blood

hematuria

Turbid (cloudy) urine caused by presence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and pus

Pyuria

Sugar in the urine: a sign of diabetes mellitus and a result of hyperglycemia

glycosuria

Urine test that reflects the acidity or alkalinity of the urine

High levels of acids and acetones accumulate in the urine as a result of abnormal fat break down.
What is this called?

ketonuria

Dark pigment that accumulates in the urine as a result of liver or gallbladder disease

bilirubinuria

Urine test that reflects the conc of the urine

specific gravity

Leaky glomeruli can produce accumulation of protein in the urine.

Albuminuria

Idiopathic high bp

essential hypertension

swelling, fluid in tissues

edema

narrowed area in a tube

stricture

collection of pus

abscess

inadequate secretion of insulin or improper utilization of insulin leads to this condition

diabetes mellitus

High bp caused by kidney disease or another disease

secondary hypertension

tube for withdrawing or giving fluid

catheter

inadequate secretion or resistance of the kidney to the action of ADH

diabetes insipidus

prolapse of a kidney

nephroptosis

severe pain resulting from a store that is blocking a ureter or a kidney

renal colic

excision of a kidney

nephrectomy

surgical incision into the kidney to remove a stone

nephrolithotomy

Visual examination of the urinary bladder via endoscope

cystoscopy

crushing of stones

lithotripsy

new opening of ureters to a segment of ileum

ureteroileostomy

surgical repair of the urethra

urethroplasty

Creation of an artificial opening into the kidney (via catheter) from outside the body.

nephrostomy

Surgical formation of an opening from the bladder to the outside of the body

cystostomy

removal of the urinary bladder

cystectomy

incision of a ureter to remove a stone

ureterolithotomy

After a diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma (made by renal biopsy), Dr. Davis advised Donna that (nephrostomy, meatotomy, nephrectomy) would be necessary

Nephrectomy

Ever since Bill’s condition of gout was diagnosed, he has been warned that the uric acid crystals could accumulate in his blood and tissues, leading to (pyuria, renal calculi, cystocele)

renal calculi

The voiding cystourethogram demonstrated blockage of urine flow from Jimmy’s bladder and (hydronephrosis, renal ischemia, azotemia)

hydronephrosis

Narrowed arterioles in the kidney incr blood pressure, so (urinary incontinence, urinary retention, nephrosclerosis) is often assoc with hypertension

nephrosclerosis

8 y/o Willy continually wet his bed at night while sleeping. His pediatrician instructed his mother to limit Willy’s intake of fluids in the evening to discourage his (nocturia, oliguria, enuresis)

enuresis

David’s chronic type I diabetes eventually resulted in (nephropathy, meatal stenosis, urolithiasis), which led to renal failure.

nephropathy

After Sue’s bilateral renal failure, her dr advised dialysis and possible (cystostomy, nephrolithotomy, renal transplantation)

renal transplantation

When Maria’s left kidney stopped functioning her contralateral kidney over-developed or (metastasized, atrophied, hypertrophied) to meet the incr workload

hypertrophied

A popular diet program recommends eating food high in fats and protein. People on this diet check their urine for the presence of (ketones, glucose, amino acids)

ketones

Andrea’s urinalysis revealed proteinuria, and her ankles began to swell, demonstrating pitting, a condition known as (ascites, edema, stricture). Her (gastroenterologist, urologist, nephrologist) diagnosed Andrea’s condition as (polycystic kidneys, nephrotic syndrome, bladder carcinoma) and recommended drugs to heal leaky glomeruli and diuretics to reduce swelling.

edema
nephrologist
nephrotic syndrome

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