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Medical Terminology > Chpt 15, & 16 > Flashcards

Chpt 15, & 16 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Bones are composed of a type of connective tissue called ___

A

Osseous

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2
Q

Bone of a fetus are mainly composed of?

A

Cartilage

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3
Q

Large bone cells called _____ digest bone tissue to shape the bone and smooth it out.

A

Osteoclasts

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4
Q

2 mineral substances needed for bone development are?

A

Calcium & Phosphorous

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5
Q

Round, small bone covering the knee joint is a/an ?

A

Sesamoid

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6
Q

Shaft of a long bone is the?

A

Diaphysis

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7
Q

Ends of a long bone are the?

A

Epiphysis

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8
Q

Cartilaginous area at the end of a long bond where growth takes place is the _____

A

Epiphyseal plate

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9
Q

Red bone marrow is found in spongy or ______ bone.

A

Cancellous or trabecular

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10
Q

Yellow bond marrow is compose of ______ tissue.

A

Fat

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11
Q

The strong membrane surrounding the surface of a bone is the?

A

Periosteum

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12
Q

Hard, dense bone tissue lying under the periosteum is ______.

A

Compact bone

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13
Q

A series of canals containing blood vessels lie within the outer dense tissue of bone and are called the ______ canals.

A

Haversian

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14
Q

A thin layer of cartilage covering the ends of bones at the joints is ______ .

A

Articular cartilage

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15
Q

The ______ is a central, hollowed-out area in the shaft of long bones.

A

Medullary cavity

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16
Q

Two physicians who treat bones and bone diseases are a/an ______ and a/an ______ .

A

Orthopedist & Osteopath

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17
Q

A practitioner who manipulates the patient’s spinal column to relieve pressure on nerves is a/an ______

A

Chiropractor

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18
Q

Medical doctor who specializes in restoring patients to function activity after injuries to bones, nerves, and muscles is a/an ______.

A

Physiatrist

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19
Q

Space through which the spinal cord passes

A

Neural canal

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20
Q

Piece of cartilage between 2 vertebrae

A

Intervertebral disc

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21
Q

Posterior part of a vertebra

A

Vertebral arch

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22
Q

Anterior part of a vertebra

A

Vertebral body

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23
Q

Name the 5 divisions of the spinal column

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

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24
Q

Upper arm bone

A

Humerus

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25
Q

Thigh bone

A

Femur

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26
Q

Finger bones

A

Phalanges

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27
Q

Forearm bone (little finger side)

A

Ulna

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28
Q

Forearm bone (thumb side)

A

Radius

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29
Q

Collar bone

A

Clavicle

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30
Q

Wrist bone

A

Carpals

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31
Q

Backbone

A

Vertebral column

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32
Q

3 parts of the pelvis

A

Ilium, Ischium, Pubis

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33
Q

Mid-foot bones

A

Metatarsals

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34
Q

Foramen magnum

A

Opening of the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes.

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35
Q

Acromion

A

Lateral extension of the scalpula

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36
Q

Xiphoid process

A

Lower portion of the sternum

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37
Q

Lamina

A

Portion of the vertebral arch

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38
Q

Malleolus

A

The bulge on either side of the ankle joint (lower end of the tibia is the medial malleolus and the lower end of the fibula is the lateral malleolus).

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39
Q

Acetabulum

A

Depression of the pelvis in which the femur bone fits.

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40
Q

Pubic symphysis

A

Area of convergence of the 2 pubic bones, at the midline

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41
Q

Olecranon

A

Bony process at the proximal end of the ulna; elbow joint

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42
Q

Fontanelle

A

Soft spot between the bones of the skill in an infant.

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43
Q

Mastoid process

A

Round process on the temporal bone behind the ear

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44
Q

Styloid process

A

Pole-like process projecting downward from the temporal bone.

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45
Q

Osteogenesis

A

Process of forming bone

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46
Q

Spondylosis

A

Abnormal condition of the vertebrae - degenerative changes in the spine

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47
Q

Ossification

A

Formation of bone

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48
Q

Removal of hand bones

A

Metacarpectomy

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49
Q

Poor bone development

A

Osteodystrophy

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50
Q

Removal of the lamina of the vertebral arch

A

Laminectomy

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51
Q

Myelopoiesis

A

Formation of bone marrow

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52
Q

Clubfoot

A

Talpes

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53
Q

Humpback

A

Kyphosis

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54
Q

Benign tumors arising from the bone surface

A

Exostoses

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55
Q

Brittle bone disease

A

Osteogenesis Imperfects

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56
Q

Scoliosis

A

Lateral curvature of the spine

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57
Q

Anterior curvature of the spine

A

Lordosis

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58
Q

Forward slipping (subluxation) of a vertebra over a lower vertebra

A

Spondylolisthesis

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59
Q

Osteotome

A

Instrument to cut bone

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60
Q

Ewing sarcoma

A

Malignant tumor of bone in children – often involving entire shaft of long bone

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61
Q

Metastatic bone lesion

A

Malignant tumor that has spread to bone from breast, kidney, lung or prostate

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62
Q

Compound fracture

A

Break in bone with wound in skin

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63
Q

Simple fracture

A

Break in bone without wound in skin

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64
Q

Ope reduction

A

Bone is put in proper place after incision of skin

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65
Q

Immoveable joint, as in the skull bones

A

Suture joint

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66
Q

Connective tissue that binds muscle to bone

A

Tendon

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67
Q

Another term for joint

A

Articulation

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68
Q

Connective tissue that binds bones to other bones

A

Ligaments

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69
Q

Bursa

A

Sac of fluid near a joint

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70
Q

Inflammation surrounding a joint

A

Periarthritis

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71
Q

Abnormal condition of blood in the joint

A

Hemarthrosis

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72
Q

Bursitis

A

Inflammation of a sac of fluid near the joint

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73
Q

Doctor who specialized in the treatment of joint disorders

A

Rheumatologist

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74
Q

Abnormal condition of a stiffened, immobile joint

A

Ankylosis

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75
Q

Suture of a tendon

A

Tenorrhaphy

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76
Q

An inherited condition in which the bones of the arms and legs fail to grow normally because of a defect in cartilage and bone formation; type of dwarfism.

A

Achondroplasia

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77
Q

Degenerative joint disease; chronic inflammation of bones and joints

A

Osteoarthritis

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78
Q

Chronic joint disease; inflamed and painful joints owing to autoimmune reaction against normal joint tissue, and synovial membranes become swollen and thickened.

A

Reumatoid arthritis

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79
Q

Inflammation of joints caused by excessive uric acid in the body (hyperuricemia)

A

Gouty arthritis

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80
Q

Abnormal swelling of a metatarsophalangeal joint

A

Bunion

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81
Q

Cystic mass arising from a tendon in the wrist

A

Ganglion cyst

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82
Q

Chronic, progressive arthritis with stiffening of joints, especially of the spine (vertebrae)

A

Ankylosing spondylitis

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83
Q

Chronic inflammation disease not only affecting the joints but the skin (butterfly rash on the face), kidneys, heart, and lungs.

A

Systemic lupus erythematosus

84
Q

Inflammation of a tendon sheath

A

Tendosynovitis

85
Q

Compression of the median nerve in the wrist as it passes through an area between a ligament, tendons, bones, and connective tissue

A

Carpal tunnel syndrome

86
Q

Displacement of a bone from its joint

A

dislocation

87
Q

Subluxation (definition)

A

Partial or incomplete displacement of a bone from the joint

88
Q

Arthrodesis (definition)

A

Surgical fixation of a joint (binding together by fusing the joint surfaces)

89
Q

Pyrexia (definition)

A

Fever; increase in body temp

90
Q

Podagra (definition)

A

Pain in a big toe from gouty arthritis

91
Q

Sciatica

A

Pain radiating from the back to the leg (along the sciatic nerve); most commonly caused by a protruding intervertebral disk.

92
Q

Herniation of an intervertebral disk

A

Protrusion of a disk into the neural canal or the spinal nerves

93
Q

Laminectomy (definition)

A

Removal of a portion of the vertebral arch (lamina) to relieve pressure from a protruding intervertebral disk.

94
Q

Sprain

A

Traume to a joint with pain, swelling, and injury to ligaments

95
Q

Strain

A

overstretching of a muscle

96
Q

Hyperuricemia (definition)

A

High levels of uric acid in the bloodstream; present in gouty arthritis.

97
Q

Fascia (definition)

A

Fibrous membrane separating and enveloping muscles

98
Q

Connection of the muscle to a stationary bone

A

Origin

99
Q

Connection of the muscle to a bone that moves

A

Insertion

100
Q

Pronation (definition)

A

Turning the palm down

101
Q

Leiomyosarcoma

A

Malignant tumor of smooth muscle

102
Q

Rhabdomyosarcoma

A

Benign tumor of striated muscle

103
Q

Muscular dystrophy

A

Group of inherited muscular diseases marked by the progressive weakness and degeneration of muscles without nerve involvement.

104
Q

Amyotropic lateral sclerosis

A

Muscles degenerate (paralysis occurs) owing to degeneration of nerves in the spinal cord and lower region of the brain; Lou Gehrigs disease

105
Q

Sarcopenia

A

Deficiency of flash (muscle mass)

106
Q

ROM

A

Range of motion

107
Q

EMG

A

Electromyography

108
Q

THR

A

Total hip replacement (arthroplasty)

109
Q

Bleeding disorders can lead to this accumulation of blood in and around a joint

A

Hemarthrosis

110
Q

Inflammation of a bursa causes this abnormality

A

Bunion

111
Q

Rheumatologists

A

Physicians (nonsurgical) who specialize in joint problems, such as arthritis.

112
Q

Orthopedist

A

Physicians who treat (surgically and medically) bone, joint and muscle conditions.

113
Q

Physiatrists

A

Medical doctors whose focus is on rehabilitation after injure or illness to muscles, bones and nerves.

114
Q

-listhesis

A

Slipping

115
Q

-physis

A

to grow

116
Q

perone/o

A

fibula

117
Q

Ewing sarcoma

A

Rare malignant tumor arising in bone; most often occurring in children.

118
Q

Exostosis

A

Bony growth (benign) arising from the surface of bone.

119
Q

Open reduction

A

Incision made for access to the fracture site.

120
Q

Osteogenic sarcoma (definition)

A

Common malignant tumor arising from osteoblasts, found primarily in children and adolescents.

121
Q

Osteomyelitis (definition)

A

Inflammation of the bone and bone marrow secondary to infection. Bacteria enter the body through a wound and spread to the bone.

122
Q

Osteoporosis (definition)

A

Decrease in bone density (mass); thinning and weakening of bone.

123
Q

Talipes

A

Congenital abnormality of the hindfoot (involving the talus). Clubfoot is the most common.

124
Q

Bursae

A

Closed sacs of synovial fluid lined with synovial membrane and are lovated near byt not within a joint.

125
Q

-desis

A

to bind/ tie together

126
Q

-stenosis

A

narrowing

127
Q

anklyosing spondylitis

A

Chronic, progressive arthritis with stiffening or joints, primarily of the spine.

128
Q

gouty arthritis (gout)

A

Inflammation and painful swelling of joints caused by excessive uric acid in the body

129
Q

Osteoarthritis (definition) (OA)

A

Progressive, degenerative joint disease with loss of articular cartilage and hypertrophy of bone at articular surfaces.

130
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

A

Chronic joint condition with inflammation and pain; caused by an autoimmune reaction against joint tissue, particularly the synovial membrane.

131
Q

Sprain

A

Trauma to ligaments without rupture

132
Q

fibr/o

A

fibrous connective tissue

133
Q

leiomy/o

A

smooth muscle

134
Q

-asthenia

A

lack of strength

135
Q

rhabdomy/o

A

skeletal (striated) muscle

136
Q

Muscular dystrophy

A

Dystrophy = abnormal development
Group of inherited diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibers without involvement of the nervous system.

137
Q

arthrography

A

taking x-ray images after injection of contrast material into a joint.

138
Q

bone density test (bone densitometry)

A

low-energy x-ray absorption in bones of the spinal column, pelvis, and wrist is used to measure bone mass.

139
Q

Contagious parasitic infection with intense pruritis

A

scabies

140
Q

Another word to rubeola

A

measles

141
Q

thickened excess cicatrix (scar)

A

keloid

142
Q

white patches on mucous membrane of tongue or inner cheek

A

leukoplakia

143
Q

characterized by a rash

A

exanthematous

144
Q

thickening of epidermis related to sunlight exposure

A

actinic keratosis

145
Q

small pinpoint hemorrhages

A

petechiae

146
Q

large blisters

A

bullae

147
Q

hyperpigmented macule or papule of the skin (mole)

A

nevus

148
Q

another word for wart

A

verruca

149
Q

sac of fluid and hair over sacral region

A

pilonidal cyst

150
Q

acute allergic reaction where hives develop

A

urticaria

151
Q

describe a second degree burn

A

damage to epidermis and dermis with blisters, erythemia and hyperesthesia.

152
Q

describe a first degree burn

A

damage to epidermis with erythemia and hyperesthesia, but no blisters.

153
Q

describe a third degree burn

A

destruction of both dermis and epidermis and damage to subcutaneous layer.

154
Q

Another word for rash

A

exanthem

155
Q

another word for baldness

A

alopecia

156
Q

another word for bedsore

A

decubitus ulcer

157
Q

“black and blue” mark

A

ecchomosis

158
Q

another word for itching

A

pruritus

159
Q

dandruff

A

seborrheic dermatitis

160
Q

How does pyoderma affect the skin

A

collection of pus in the skin

161
Q

How does xerosis affect the skin

A

dry skin

162
Q

How does leukoderma affect the skin

A

white patches of the skin

163
Q

How does a callus affect the skin

A

increased growth of cells in the epidermal layer caused by pressure or friction

164
Q

How does a keloid affect the skin

A

thickened, hypertrophies scar tissue

165
Q

purulent means

A

puss-filled

166
Q

A surgical procedure to core out a disk of skin for microscopic analysis is a/an

A

punch biopsy

167
Q

The procedure in which thin layers of a malignant growth are removed and each is examined under the microscope is ______

A

Mohs surgery

168
Q

A type of skin cancer associated with AIDS and marked by dark blue-purple lesions over this skin is ______

A

Kaposi sarcoma

169
Q

Abnormla, premalignant moles are ______

A

dysplastic nevi

170
Q

Removal of skin tissue using a cut parallel to the surface of the surrounding skin is called a/an ______

A

shave biopsy

171
Q

Destruction of tissue using intensely cold temperatures is ______

A

cryosurgery

172
Q

Scraping away skin to remove acne scars and fine wrinkles on the skin is ______

A

dermabrasion

173
Q

Removal of subcutaneous fat tissue by aspiration is ______

A

liposuction

174
Q

Destruction of tissue using an electric spark is ______

A

electrodesication

175
Q

Use of a sharp, spoon-like instrument to scrape away tissue is ______

A

curettage

176
Q

an inherited condition in which the bones of the arms and the legs fail to grow normally because of a defect in cartilage and bone formation; type for dwarfism

A

achondroplasia

177
Q

inflammation of a tendon sheath

A

tenosynovitis

178
Q

subluxation

A

partial or incomplete displacement of a bone from the joint

179
Q

sciatica

A

pain radiating from the back to the the leg (along the sciatic nerve). Usually caused by a protruding intervertebral disk

180
Q

articul/o

A

joint

181
Q

scoli/o

A

crooked, bent (lateral curvature)

182
Q

-physis

A

to grow

183
Q

-porosis

A

pore/ passage

184
Q

The half-moon-shaped white area at the base of the nail is the ______

A

lunula

185
Q

deepest region of the epidermis

A

basal layer

186
Q

the outermost layer of the epidermis, which consists of flattened, keratinized cells, is the ______

A

stratum corneum

187
Q

inflammation and swelling of soft tissue around a nail is ______

A

paronychia

188
Q

2 words for fungal infection of hands at feet

A

dermatophytosis & dermatomycosis

189
Q

burning sensation (pain) in skin ___

A

causalgia

190
Q

abnormal condition of excessive hair growth

A

hypertrichosis

191
Q

squam/o

A

scale-like

192
Q

pruritis

A

itching

193
Q

actinic keratosis

A

thickening of epidermis related to sunlight exposure

194
Q

vitiligo

A

loss of pigment in the skin

195
Q

-ose

A

pertaining to/ full of

196
Q

-plakia

A

plaques

197
Q

vitiligo

A

loss of pigmentation in the skin

198
Q

-ose

A

pertaining to/ full of

199
Q

-plakia

A

plaques

200
Q

poli/o

A

grey

201
Q

lute/o

A

yellow

202
Q

eosin/o

A

rosy

203
Q

cyan/o

A

blue

204
Q

anthrac/o

A

black as coal

205
Q

cirrh/o

A

tawny yellow

Medical Terminology (11 decks)

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