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Medical Terminology > Chpt 13 & 14 > Flashcards

Chpt 13 & 14 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

bas/o

A

base (opposite of acid)

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2
Q

-phil

A

attracted to

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3
Q

chrom/o

A

color

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4
Q

coagul/o

A

clotting

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5
Q

cyt/o

A

cell

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6
Q

eosin/o

A

red, dawn, rosy

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7
Q

erythr/o

A

red

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8
Q

granul/o

A

granules

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9
Q

hem/o

A

blood

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10
Q

hemat/o

A

blood

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11
Q

-crit

A

to separate

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12
Q

hematocrit

A

gives the percentage of red blood cells in a volume of blood

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13
Q

hemoglobin/o

A

hemoglobin

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14
Q

is/o

A

same, equal

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15
Q

anisocytosis

A

= unequal cell sizes

abnormality of red blood cells (not white)

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16
Q

anis/o

A

unequal

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17
Q

kary/o

A

nucleus

*also nucle/o

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18
Q

leuk/o

A

white

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19
Q

mon/o

A

one, single

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20
Q

monocyte

A

= single nucleus of a cell

Mononuclear WBC formed in lymph tissue; it is a phagocyte and a precursor of a macrophage

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21
Q

morph/o

A

shape, form

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22
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow

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23
Q

-blast

A

immature cell

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24
Q

neutr/o

A

neutral (neither base nor acid)

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25
Q

nucle/o

A

nucleus

*also kary/o

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26
Q

phag/o

A

eat, swallow

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27
Q

poikil/o

A

varied, irregular

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28
Q

poikilocytosis

A

= abnormal condition of irregular cells

Irregularity in the SHAPE of RBCs

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29
Q

sider/o

A

iron

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30
Q

spher/o

A

globe, round

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31
Q

spherocytosis

A

= abnormal condition of round cells

round shape makes them fragile and easily destroyed

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32
Q

thromb/o

A

clot

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33
Q

-apheresis

A

removal, a carrying away

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34
Q

-cytosis

A

abnormal condition of cells (increase in cells)

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35
Q

-emia

A

blood condition

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36
Q

-gen

A

giving rise to; producing

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37
Q

-globin

A

protein

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38
Q

-globulin

A

protein

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39
Q

-lytic

A

pertaining to destruction

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40
Q

-oid

A

derived or originating from

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41
Q

-penia

A

deficiency

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42
Q

-philia

A

attraction for (an increase in cell numbers)

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43
Q

-phoresis

A

carrying, transmission

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44
Q

-poiesis

A

formation

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45
Q

-stasis

A

stop, control

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46
Q

Hypochromia

A

Cells have reduced color (less hemoglobin)

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47
Q

Macrocytosis

A

Cells are large

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48
Q

Microcytosis

A

Cells are small

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49
Q

dyscrasia

A

Any abnormal or pathological condition of the blood

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50
Q

*Anemia

A

Deficiency in erythrocytes or hemoglobin

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51
Q

*Aplastic anemia

A

Failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow. All cell lines will decrease

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52
Q

Pancytopenia

A

deficiency of all blood cells

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53
Q

Hemolytic anemia*

A

Reduction in red cells due to excessive destruction.

ex- congenital spherocytic anemia (hereditary spherocytosis)

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54
Q

*Pernicious anemia

A

Related to vitamin B-12

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55
Q

*Sickle cell anemia

A

Hereditary disorder of abnormal hemoglobin producing sickle-shaped erythrocytes and hemolysis. This distorted shape gets stick in blood vessels.

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56
Q

*Thalassemia

A

Has to do with the mediterranean

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57
Q

*Hemochromatosis

A

Blood and color

-Excess iron deposits throughout the body. (increased color due to iron)

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58
Q

*Polycythemia vera

A

General increase in the RBCs (erythremia). Blood consistency is thick because increased RBCs

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59
Q

*Hemophilia

A

Excessive bleeding caused by hereditary lack of blood clotting factors (FACTOR 8) necessary for blood clotting

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60
Q

*Purpura

A

Multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and accumulation of blood under the skin

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61
Q

Petechiae

A

Tiny purple or red flat spots on skin as result of hemorrhages

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62
Q

Ecchymoses

A

Larger blue or purplish patches on the skin (bruises)

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63
Q

Autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura

A

Condition where a patient makes an antibody that destroys platelets. Bleeding time is prolonged

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64
Q

Leukemia*

A

Increase in cancerous white blood cells

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65
Q

Acute leukemia*

A

In children and adolescents

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66
Q

Chronic leukemia*

A

In old people

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67
Q

granulocytosis

A

Abnormal increase in granulocytes in the blood

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68
Q

Mononucleosis*

A

Infectious disease marked by increase numbers of mononuclear leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes
-This disease is transmitted by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

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69
Q

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

A

Transmits mononucleosis

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70
Q

*Multiple myeloma

A

Malignant neoplasm of bone marrow

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71
Q

Palliative

A

relieving symptoms but not cute

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72
Q

*complete blood count (CBC)

A

Determination of numbers of blood cells, hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit, and red cell values

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73
Q

Hematocrit (Hct)

A

PERCENTAGE of erythrocytes in a volume of blood

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74
Q

Hemoglobin test (H, Hg, Hgb, HGB) *

A

Total amount of hemoglobin in a sample of peripheral blood

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75
Q

Platelet count*

A

Number of platelets per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood

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76
Q

Prothrombin time (PT) *

A

Test of the ability of the blood to CLOT

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77
Q

Red blood cell count (RBC)

A

Number of erythrocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood.

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78
Q

White blood cell count (WBC)

A

Number of leukocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood

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79
Q

autologous stem cell transplantation

A

The patients own stem cells are collected, stored and reinfused after potent chemotherapy.

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80
Q

Ab

A

antibody

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81
Q

ABO

A

four main blood types – A, B, AB, O

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82
Q

ALL

A

acute lymphatic leukemia

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83
Q

AML

A

acute myelogenous leukemia

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84
Q

bands*

A

immature white blood cells (granulocutes)

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85
Q

baso*

A

basophils

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86
Q

BMT

A

bone marrow transplantation

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87
Q

CBC

A

complete blood count

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88
Q

CLL

A

chronic lymphocytic leukemia

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89
Q

CML

A

chronic myelogenous leukemia

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90
Q

DIC

A

disseminated intravascular coagulation

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91
Q

EBV

A

Eptein-Barr virus

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92
Q

Fe

A

Iron

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93
Q

GVHD

A

graft-versus-host disease

has to do with transplants (immune reaction of donor’s cells to recipient’s tissue)

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94
Q

Hct

A

hematocrit

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95
Q

Hgb, HGB

A

hemoglobin

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96
Q

H and H

A

hemoglobin and hematocrit

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97
Q

IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM

A

immunoglobulins

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98
Q

lymphs*

A

lymphocytes

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99
Q

polys*

A

polymorphonuclear leukocytes; neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

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100
Q

PMNs

A

polymorphonuclear leukocytes; neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

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101
Q

PMNLs

A

polymorphonuclear leukocytes; neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

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102
Q

PT

A

prothrombin time

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103
Q

pro time *

A

prothrombin time

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104
Q

PTT

A

partial thromboplastin time

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105
Q

RBC

A

red blood cell; red blood cell count

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106
Q

segs*

A

segmented, mature white blood cells (neutrophils)

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107
Q

WBC

A

white blood cell; white blood cell count

108
Q

WNL

A

within normal limits

109
Q

Cytotoxic T cell

A

Lymphocyte that directly kills antigens

Called CD8-positive T cell

110
Q

B cell (B lymphocyte)

A

Lymphocyte that matures into plasma cell to secrete antibodies.

111
Q

helper T cell

A

Lymphocyte that aids B cell and stimulates T cells.

Also called CD4-positive T cell.

112
Q

lymph

A

Thin, watery fluid found within lymphatic vessels and collected from tissues throughout the body

113
Q

T cell (T lymphocyte)

A

Lymphocyte that acts directly on antigens to destroy them or produce chemicals (cytokines) such as interferons and interleukins.

114
Q

immun/o

A

protection

115
Q

lymph/o

A

lymph

116
Q

lymphedema

A

IF collects within the spaces bw cells as a result of obstruction of lymphatic vessels and nodes. Radiation therapy may destroy lymphatics and produce lymphedema, as in breast cancer treatments.

117
Q

lymphaden/o

A

lymph node (gland)

118
Q

splen/o

A

spleen

119
Q

thym/o

A

thymus gland

120
Q

tox/o

A

toxic

121
Q

ana-

A

again, anew

122
Q

inter-

A

between

123
Q

-phylaxis

A

protection

124
Q

-stitial

A

pertaining to standing or positioned

125
Q

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A

Group of clinical signs and symptoms associated with suppression of the immune system and marked by opportunistic infections, secondary neoplasms, and neurologic problems.

126
Q

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

A
  • Virus that causes AIDS
  • HIV destroys helper T cells (aka CD4+ cells, containing the CD4 protein antigen). This disrupts the immune response, allowing for infections to occur.
127
Q

Opportunistic infections

A

Infectious diseases associated with AIDS are called this.

-Because HIV lowers resistance and allows infection by bacteria and parasites that are easily otherwise contained.

128
Q

Kaposi sarcoma*

A

Malignancies associated with AIDS. Its a skin cancer arising from the lining cells of the capillaries that produces dark purplish skin nodules

129
Q

Wasting syndrome*

A

Marked by weight loss and decrease of muscular strength, appetite, and mental activity, this also may occur with AIDS

130
Q

Lymphoma*

A

Malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissue

131
Q

Hodgkin disease

A

Can see Reed-Sternberg cells

132
Q

Multiple myeloma

A

Malignant tumor of bone marrow cells

133
Q

Thymona

A

Malignant tumor of the thymus gland

134
Q

Allergy*

A

Abnormal hypersensitivity acquired by exposure to an antigen

135
Q

AIDS*

A

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

136
Q

CD4+ cell*

A

helper T cell

137
Q

CD8+ cell*

A

cytotoxic T cell

138
Q

CMV*

A

cytomegalovirus

-causes opportunistic AIDS-related infection

139
Q

HD*

A

Hodgkin disease

140
Q

Histo*

A

histoplasmosis

-fungal infection seen in AIDS patients

141
Q

HIV*

A

human immunodeficiency virus

142
Q

HSV*

A

herpes simplex virus

143
Q

KS*

A

kaposi sarcoma

144
Q

MAI*

A

Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare

145
Q

NHL***

A

non-hodgkin lymphoma

146
Q

PCP

A

pneumocystis

-opportunistic AIDS-related infection

147
Q

Toxo*

A

toxoplasmosis

-parasitic infection associated with AIDS

148
Q

thrombocyte or cell fragment that helps blood clot

A

platelet

149
Q

mononuclear leukocyte formed in lymph tissue; produces antibodies

A

lymphocyte

150
Q

leukocyte with dense, reddish granules having an affinity for red acidic dye; associated with allergic reactions

A

eosinophil

151
Q

leukocyte (polymorphonuclear granulocyte) formed in the bone marrow; granules do not stain intensely and have pale color

A

neutrophil

152
Q

leukocyte (granulocyte) with dark-staining blue granules; releases histamine and heparin

A

basophil

153
Q

coagulation

A

blood clotting

154
Q

granulocyte

A

WBC with numerous dark staining granules (neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil)

155
Q

mononuclear (definition)

A

pertaining to a leukocyte with a single round nucleus (monocytes, lymphocytes)

156
Q

polymorphonuclear (definition)

A

pertaining to a WBC with a multi-lobed nucleus (neutrophil)

157
Q

megakaryocyte (definition)

A

large platelet precursor cell found in bone marrow

158
Q

plasma

A

liquid portion of the blood

159
Q

myeloblast

A

immature bone marrow cell that gives rise to granulocytes

160
Q

plasma minus clotting proteins and cells

A

serum

161
Q

change in structure and function of a cell as it matures

A

differentiation

162
Q

hemolysis

A

destruction/breakdown of RBCs

163
Q

What is electrophoresis?

A

method of separating serum proteins by electrical charge

164
Q

What is an immunoglobulin

A

protein with antibody activity (IgG, IgE, IgH)

165
Q

What is plasapheresis

A

removal by centrifuge of plasma from withdrawn blood

166
Q

anticoagulant

A

substance that prevents clotting

167
Q

hemoglobinopathy

A

disease condition of hemoglobin

168
Q

cytology

A

study of cells

169
Q

leukopenia

A

deficiency of WBCs

170
Q

morphology

A

the study of shape or form (of cells)

171
Q

megakaryote

A

cell with a large nucleus

172
Q

sideropenia

A

deficiency of iron

173
Q

phagocyte

A

cell that eats or swallows

174
Q

myelopoiesis

A

formation of bone marrow

175
Q

plateletpheresis

A

separation of platelets

176
Q

monoblast

A

immature monocyte

177
Q

myelodysplasia

A

abnormal production of bone marrow

178
Q

hemostasis

A

controlling or stopping blood

179
Q

thrombolytic

A

pertaining to destroying clots

180
Q

hematopoiesis

A

formation of blood cells

181
Q

derived in bone marrow

A

myeloid

182
Q

deficiency of a type of WBC

A

neutropenia

183
Q

percentage of red blood cells in a volume of blood

A

hematocrit

184
Q

increase in a type of WBC (seen in allergies)

A

eosinophilia

185
Q

abnormal condition of clot formation

A

thrombosis

186
Q

separation of WBCs from a blood sample

A

leukapheresis

187
Q

disease of clotting process

A

coagulopathy

188
Q

deficiency of platelets

A

thrombocytopenia

189
Q

any irregularity in the shape of RBCs

A

poikilocytosis

190
Q

formation of RBCs

A

erythropoiesis

191
Q

deficiency in numbers of RBCs

A

anemia

192
Q

destruction of RBCs

A

hemolysis

193
Q

pertaining to reduction of hemoglobin in RBCs

A

hypochromic

194
Q

variation in size of RBCs

A

anisocytosis

195
Q

abnormal numbers of round, rather than normally bi-concave shaped, RBCs

A

spherocytosis

196
Q

increase in the number of small RBCs

A

microcytosis

197
Q

general increase in numbers of RBCs; erythemia

A

polycytosis vera

198
Q

increase in numbers of large RBCs

A

macrocytosis

199
Q

iron deficiency anemia*

A

lack of iron leading to insufficient hemoglobin production

200
Q

pernicious anemia*

A

lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb B12

201
Q

sickle cell anemia*

A

hereditary disorder of abnormal hemoglobin producing sickle-shaped erythrocytes

202
Q

aplastic anemia*

A

failure in blood cell production in bone marrow

203
Q

thalassemia*

A

inherited defect of inability to produce hemoglobin leading to hypochromia

204
Q

purpura

A

multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and accumulation of blood under the skin

205
Q

granulocytosis

A

abnormal increase in granulocytes in the blood (eosiniphilia and basophilia)

206
Q

hemophilia

A

excessive bleeding caused by hereditary lack of blood clotting factors

207
Q

hemochromatosis (definition)

A

excessive iron deposits throughout the body

208
Q

multiple myeloma

A

malignant neoplasm of the bone marrow

209
Q

mononucleosis

A

abnormal condition of increase in the number of mononuclear leukocytes and enlarges cervical lymph nodes.

210
Q

Bence Jones protein

A

Immunoglobulin fragment found in the urine of patients with multiple myeloma

211
Q

apheresis

A

separation of blood into its parts

212
Q

eosinophilia

A

increase in numbers of granulocytes; seen in allergic conditions

213
Q

packed cells

A

preparation of erythrocytes separated from plasma

214
Q

Gary, a 1 year old black child, was failing to gain weight normally. He seemed pale and without energy. His blood tests shows a decreased hemoglobin and decreased hematocrit. After a blood smear revealed abnormally shaped RBCs, the physical told Gary’s parents that their son had (iron deficiency / hemophelia / sickle cell anemia)

A

sickle cell anemia

215
Q

61 year old Barbara’s lab tests shows abnormal proteins in her plasma and Bence Jones protein in her urine. She had osteopenia and a fracture in one of her ribs. Her oncologist diagnosed her condition as (mononucleosis / thrombocytopenic purpura / multiple myeloma)

A

multiple myeloma

216
Q

Bobby was diagnosed at a very early age with a bleeding disorder called (hemophilia, thalassemia, eosinophilia). He needed factor 8 regularly after even the slighted thaumatic injury.

A

hemophilia

217
Q

Susan was experiencing heavy menstrual periods (menorrhea / menorrhagia / hemoptysis). Because of the bleeding, she frequently felt tired and weak and probably was sideropenic. Her physician performed blood tests that revealed her problem as (thrombocytopenia / pernicious anemia / ion deficiency anemia)

A

menorrhagia, iron deficiency anemia

218
Q

Dr. Harris examined a highly allergic patient and sent a blood sample to a specialist, a (pulmonary / cardiovascular, hematologic) pathologist. The specialist stained the blood smear and found an abundance of leukocytes with dense, reddish granules. She made the diagnosis of (basophilia, eosinophilia, neutrophilia)

A

hematologic, eosinophilia

219
Q

George’s blood cell counts had been falling in recent weeks. His scheduled laparotomy was canceled because blood tests revealed (pancytopenia, plasmapheresis, myelopoiesis). Bone marrow biopsy determined that the cause was (hyperplasia, hypoplasia, differentiation)

A

pancytopenia, hypoplasia

220
Q

collection of stationary lymphatic tissue along lymph vessels

A

lymph node

221
Q

large lymphatic vessel that drains lymph from the lower and left side of the body

A

thoracic duct

222
Q

organ in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen that destroys worn-out erythrocytes, activates lymphocytes, and stores blood.

A

spleen

223
Q

mass of lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx

A

adenoids

224
Q

lymphoid organ in the mediastinum that conditions T cells to react from the upper right part of the body

A

right lymphatic duct

225
Q

fluid in the spaces between cells

A

interstitial fluid

226
Q

cervical nodes (location) *

A

neck

227
Q

mediastinal nodes (location)*

A

space between the lungs in the chest

228
Q

paraaortic nodes (location)*

A

near the aorta in the lumbar region of the body

229
Q

mesenteric nodes (location)*

A

intestines

230
Q

lymphocyte that matures from a B lymphocyte and secretes antibodies

A

plasma cell

231
Q

large phagocyte found in lymph nodes and other tissues in the body

A

macrophage

232
Q

CD4+ T cell the aids B cells in recognizing antigens

A

helper T cell

233
Q

Treg that inhibits the activity on B and T lymphocytes

A

supressor T cell

234
Q

proteins in the blood that help antibodies and T cells kill their target

A

compliment system

235
Q

antigen-presenting cell; shows B cells and T cells what to attack

A

dendritic cell

236
Q

toxins

A

poisons (antigens)

237
Q

helper T cells

A

lymphocytes that aids B cells; CD4+ T cell

238
Q

supressor T cells

A

T lymphocytes that inhibit the activity of B and T cells

239
Q

cytotoxic T cells

A

T lymphocytes that directly kill foreign cells (CD8+ T cells)

240
Q

plasma cells

A

Transformed B cells that secrete antibodies

241
Q

interferons and interleukins

A

Cytokines secreted by cytotoxic T cells

242
Q

formation of lymph

A

lymphopoiesis

243
Q

malignant tumor of the thymus gland

A

thymoma

244
Q

inflammation of lymph glands (nodes)

A

lymphadenitis

245
Q

deficiency of lymph cells

A

lymphycytopenia

246
Q

pertaining to poison

A

toxic

247
Q

disease of lymph glands (nodes)

A

lymphadenopathy

248
Q

syndrome marked by enlargement of the spleen and associated with anemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia

A

hypersplenism

249
Q

antigen capable of causing allergy (hypersensitivity)

A

allergen

250
Q

extraordinary hypersensitivity to a foreign protein; marked by hypotension, chock, and respiratory distress

A

anaphylaxis

251
Q

disorder in which the immune system is suppressed by exposure to HIV

A

AIDS

252
Q

removal of a mediastinal organ

A

thymectomy

253
Q

malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue in the lymph nodes and spleen; Reed-Sternberg cells are in lymph nodes.

A

Hodgkin disease

254
Q

spleen, thymus, and tonsils

A

lymphoid organs

255
Q

swelling of tissues due to IF accumulation

A

lymphedema

256
Q

white blood cells that are destroyed with AIDS

A

CD4+ T cells

257
Q

group of infectious diseases associated with AIDS

A

opportunistic infections

258
Q

weight loss with decreases muscular strength, appetite, and mental activity

A

wasting syndrome

259
Q

drug used to treat AIDS by blocking an enzyme needed to make copies of HIV

A

RT inh

260
Q

drug used to treat AIDS by blocking the production of an enzyme that creates new viral pieces for HIV

A

protease inh

261
Q

chronic, disabling diseases caused by abnormal production of antibodies to normal tissue*

A

autoimmune diseases

262
Q

a hypersensitivity or allergic state with an inherited predisposition*

A

atopy

263
Q

a malignant tumor of lymph nodes; follicular and large cell are types of this disease*

A

non hodgkin lymphoma

264
Q

introduction of altered antigens to produce an immune response and protection from disease*

A

vaccination

265
Q

tests that separate immunoglobulins*

A

immunoelectrophoresis

266
Q

antibody used in immunotherapy; produced in a lab to attack antigens and destroy cells*

A

monoclonal antibody

Medical Terminology (11 decks)

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