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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Chpt 15 General Senses > Flashcards

Chpt 15 General Senses Flashcards

1
Q

Info processing

A

CNS

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2
Q

The thalamus is in the

A

CNS

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3
Q

Afferent and efferent

A

PNS

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4
Q

Sensory input

A

Afferent

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5
Q

Somatic and autonomic

A

Efferent

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6
Q

Controls skeletal muscle

A

Somatic

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7
Q

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

A

Autonomic

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8
Q

Sympathetic and parasympathetic control

A

Cardiac and smooth muscle

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9
Q

-60 mv

-70 mv

A

Threshold potential

Resting membrane potential

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10
Q

Specialized cell that can detect stimuli

A

Sensory receptor

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11
Q

Any detectable change in the environment

Anything that alters RMP in the 1st order neuron

A

Stimulus

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12
Q

Any stimulus processed by the CNS

Anything that alters RMP in 2nd order neuron

A

Sensation

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13
Q

Conscious awareness of a sensation

Process information at the level of awareness in the cerebral cortex

A

Perception

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14
Q

Unique type of stimulus to which a receptor is sensitive

A

Receptor specificity

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15
Q

Is the area monitored by a single receptor

A

Receptive field

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16
Q

Change in RMP of the receptor cell

A

Receptor potential

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17
Q

Any stimulus that generates an action potential in the first order neuron

A

Generator potential

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18
Q

Conversion of a stimulus into a physiological response

A

Transduction

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19
Q

1st order neuron is the receptor cell

A

General senses

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20
Q

A specialized receptor cell releases neurotransmitter into the 1st order neuron

A

Specialized senses

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21
Q

What are the general senses

A

Tactile receptors

General senses

Thermoreceptors

Nociceptors

Proprioceptors

Barorecptors

Chemoreceptors

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22
Q

Olfaction (smell)

Gustation (taste)

Vision (sight)

Audition (hearing)

Equilibrium ( balance)

A

Special senses

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23
Q

Detection of body position joint position

Ex. Throwing a baseball

A

Proprioception

General senses

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24
Q

Detect High blood pressure, full bladder

A

Pressure baroreceptors

General senses

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25
Q

Stay the same

A

Homeostasis

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26
Q

Study of structures

A

Anatomy

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27
Q

Study of the functions of the structures

A

Physiology

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28
Q

Receptor structure General senses. Special senses

A

General senses Special senses

Simple 1st order neuron Complex special receptor that communicates to
the first order neuron

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29
Q

Receptor distribution General senses. Special senses

A

General senses Special senses
Generalized on surfaces of the body Located in special sensory organ

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30
Q

Central processing. General senses. Special senses

A

General senses Special senses
1st primary sensory cortex Specialized cortical region
Post sensory cortex

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31
Q

Receptive field. General senses. Special senses

A

General senses Special senses

Large Small

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32
Q

The pathway from the receptor cell to the brain is called

A

Labeled line

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33
Q

The CNS interprets that type of sensory information based on the _____ on which it arrives on

A

Labeled line

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34
Q

The brain interprets only the location and type of stimulus based upon the labeled line that carries that information. That labeled line also provides information to the brain about the intensity, duration, variation, and movement of a stimulus based on the pattern of the action potentials of the last neuron in that pathway. This is called

A

Sensory coding

35
Q

“On” phase (releasing NT)

Or

“Off” phase (not releasing NT)
FAST ADAPTING

A

Phasic receptor

36
Q

Always “on” they can (release NT)

They can increase or decrease anatomy release

Slow Adaptation

A

Tonic receptors

37
Q

Decrease in sensitivity due to a constant stimulus

A

Adaptation

38
Q

Decrease in sensitivity occurs at the receptor cell that is in the periphery

A

Peripheral adaptation

39
Q

Decrease in sensitivity at the sensory nucleus along the pathway

A

Central adaptation

40
Q

Is the detection of pain or algesia.

Are free nerve ending and are abundant in skin (dermis), periosteum, and walls of vessels

A

Nociception

41
Q

There are very few _______ in the viscera, and they have a very large receptive field, making it difficult to pinpoint the source if abdominal pains.

A

Nociceptors

42
Q

There are Nociceptors that respond to three different types of stimuli

A

Physical distortion

Extreme temperatures

Extreme PH

43
Q

Fast or sharp pain ( at instant of injury)

Myelinated and large diameter axon

A

Type A fibers

44
Q

Slow or dull pain (aches/soreness of injury)

Unmylinated and smaller diameter

A

Type C fibers

45
Q

Is pain from an organ or area of the body that is detected as coming from a different area

A

Referred pain

46
Q

People having a heart attack often describe this pain as coming from the left arm even though the left arm is fine, it is the heart that is feeling the pain.

A

Referred pain

47
Q

Is pain felt in a limb that has been amputated

A

Phantom pain

48
Q

Is the the detection of rapid changes in temperature

A

Thermoreception

49
Q

Are free nerve endings and are located very high in the dermis, just below the epidermis, as well as in the skeletal muscles and hypothalamus. They are receptors that respond to either cold or hot temperatures, and are histologically similar. It is thaought that cold receptors are more numerous than hot receptors, so we respond more quickly to small decreases in temperature. They are phasic and adapt quickly.

A

Thermoreceptors

50
Q

Respond to stimuli that physically distort their cell membrane

A

Mechanorecptors

51
Q

Free nerve endings

A

Nociceptors

Thermoreceptors

Tactile receptors

52
Q

Fine or lite touch, found in hairy skin

A

Merkels discs

Tactile receptors

53
Q

Fine or lite touch, found in hairless skin

Soles of feet, palm of hand, genitalia

A

Meissners corpusles

Tactile receptors

54
Q

Deep pressure

A

Pacinnian corpuscles

Ruffin corpuscles

Tactile receptors

55
Q

Free nerve endings
Root hair plexus
Merkels discs
Meissners corpuscles
Pacinnian corpuscles
Ruffins corpuscles

A

Tactile touch receptors

56
Q

Muscle spindles
Golgi tendon organs

A

Proprioceptors

57
Q

Tension and stretch in the muscle

A

Muscle spindles

58
Q

Stretch and the tension in the tendons the muscles attach for

A

Golgi tendon organs

59
Q

Provide information about body position, joint position, and movement

A

Proprioceptors

60
Q

Detect changes in pressure in walls of some blood vessels, the digestive organs (stomach, intestines, colon,) the urinary bladder and the respiratory tract.

A

Barorecptors

61
Q

Baroreceptors that monitor and measure blood pressure

A

Carotid and aortic bodies

62
Q

In the carotid and aortic bodies and other places detect changes in concentration of certain chemicals (glucose, o2, CO2) and substances (minerals like NA+, K+, CA2+, CL-, and H+) in our blood and body fluids.

A

Chemoreceptors

63
Q

The _____ in the viscera of the body DO NOT communicate to the post central gyrus and the cerebral cortex so we are never consciously aware of changes in concentration of the substances.

A

Chemoreceptors

64
Q

4 functions of mucus

A

Protects tissue from drying out keeps it moist

Trap and wash away debris

Traps and dissolves ordorants enhance sense of smell

65
Q

The direction something is moving across the surface of the body (wrapped around the hair follicle)

A

Root hair plexus

Tactile touch receptors

66
Q

The _____ include sensations of touch & vibration (tactile receptors), temperature (Thermoreceptors), pain (nocioreceptors), Proprioception (Proprioceptors), pressure baraceptors, and some chemorecption (internal chemoreceptors)

A

General senses

67
Q

Location and type of stimulus

A

Labeled line

68
Q

Are free nerve endings and are abundant in skin, periosteum, and walls of vessels .

A

Nociceptors

69
Q

Intensity and duration

A

Sensory coding

70
Q

Pain is ________?

71
Q

Pain fibers are _____?

A

Tonic receptors

72
Q

are phasic and adapt quickly

A

Thermoreceptors

73
Q

Their membranes have many mechanically regulated ion channels that open and close in response to stretching, pinching, bending, and vibrating the membrane.

A

Mechanoreceptors

74
Q

The hypothalamus has many

A

Chemoreceptors

75
Q

The _______ are sensory structures located in the carotid arteries and aortic artery, respectively, that detect blood gas levels.

A

Carotid bodies and aortic bodies

76
Q

Desensitizing at the site no new stimulus allowed

A

Peripheral adaptation

77
Q

Old stimulus filtered out new stimulus is allowed

A

Central adaptation

78
Q

Olfactory receptors send axons through the cribiform plate then synapse on neurons on the ?

A

Olfactory bulb

79
Q

Basal cells turn into support cells that turn into new ?

A

Olfactory cells

80
Q

Granular cells (bowman’s glands) are located in the

A

Lamina propia

81
Q

These glands secrete a mucus to protect the epithelium

A

Bowman’s glands

82
Q

Olfactory epithelium contains these cells?

A

Olfactory receptor cells
Olfactory cilia
Basal cells
Goblet cells

83
Q

Secrete mucus

A

Goblet cells

84
Q

Olfactory transduction

A
  1. Ordorant to OBP
  2. OBP to ADC
  3. ADC to 1000 CAMP
  4. Camp ion channels
  5. RMP to olfactory nerve

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (12 decks)

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