Chapter 26 Urinary System Flashcards by fermin chapa

the functional unit of the kidney
Eliminates toxins and harmful substances from the blood
Regulates blood pressure
Regulates plasma concentrations of ions, blood PH, and conserves nutrients

Nephron

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Build up of waste in the blood

Sepsis

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The renal capsule consists of ?

Glomerus and bowman’s capsule

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The renal tubule consists of the ?

Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of henle
Distal convoluted tubule

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100% of the nutrients reabsorbed
70% of water reabsorbed
Variable reabsorption

Proximal convoluted tubule

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20-25% of water reabsorption happens between the ________and ______

proximal distal tubule and the descending part of the loop of henle

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The thick ascending limb of the loop of henle gives us variable reabsorption of ?

Salt

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Pressure in the glomerus forces a fluid, called _____, out of the blood and into the capsular space.

Filtrate

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The _____ contains good substances like nutrients and beneficial ions as well as bad substances like waste (urea), toxins, and harmful ions.

Filtrate

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As the filtrate emters the renal tubule it is now called

Tubular fluid

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As the tubular fluid flows through the tubule good substances and water are reabsorped across the tubule wall and into the _______

Peritubular fluid

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The removal of substances from blood by forcing them, under pressure, across the filtration membrane

Glomerular filtration

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The return of beneficial substances nutrients, ions, vitamins and water from the filtrate to the blood

Tubular reabsorption

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The addition of excess K+ and H+ from the blood to the filtrate

Tubular secretion

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If BV ⬇️ BP ⬇️ ____ targets the DCT to increase H20

ADH

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If BP and Renal blood flow ⬇️ Na+, cl- ⬇️ kidneys will release _______ and kick off the renin angiotensin pathway

Renin

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If BP and BV ⬆️, Target DCT and ⬆️ na+, cl- and h2o loss in urine

ANP is released

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100% nutrient reabsorption @

Pct

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Variable reabsorption through out the tract at the descending proximal distal tubule and ascending loop of henle

Sodium
Chloride
Postassium

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Secrete them thru tubular secretions into DCT

Hydrogen ions

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Failure of the kidneys to filter is called

Renal failure

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Can constrict or dilate to keep filtrate rate constant BP may change

Afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole

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Secretes renin and EPO

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

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The kidneys maintain _____ of nutrients and ions that end up in the extracellaur Fluid that bathes cells by filtering the blood across the surface of the glomerus

Homeostatic concentrations

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Good stuff reenters the bloodstream by diffusing back into the

Peritubular capillaries

These ions and the harmful substances end up as urine in the collecting duct and are dumped into the minor calyces, major calyces, flow through the renal, into the ureter and are stored in the bladder until realesed by

Micturition

Targets the DCT and collecting duct to ⬆️ Na+ cl- reabsorption, H20 follows the salt, ⬆️ BP

Aldosterone

100% reabsorption @PCT

Nutrients

Variable reabsortion through tout the tract At the Proximal distal tubule and ascending loop of henle

Sodium chloride potassium ions

Secrete them thru tubular secretions into the DCT

Hydrogen ions

Glucose

180 DCL

If BP drops slightly and NFP drops then the Afferent arteriole dilates to increase blood flow into glomerulus, keeping pressure and filtration rates close to normal

Auto regulation

If BP drops noticeably than the juxtaglomerular cells release renin. This initiates the reniin angiotensin pathway to increase aldosterone levels

Hormonal regulation

These substances can be passively transported across the membrane by carrier proteins called

Facilitated diffusion

A high energy bond provides energy needed to move ions or molecules across the membrane

Active transport

Also known as a secondary active transport, is a type of transport across a cell membrane that uses the stored in an electrochemical gradient to move a molecule against its concentration gradient

Cotransport

Is a type of transport across a cell membrane that involves the simultaneous movement of two molecules or ions in opposite directions across the membrane

Countertransport

Is the plasma concentration of a substance at which 100% of that substance will be reabsorbed by the renal tubule

Tubular maximum

Is the plasma concentration at which a substance begins to appear in urine

Renal threshold

Renal threshold for glucose is ?

180mg/dl

The thin descending limb is permeable to ?

Water

The thick ascedning limb is permeable to

Ions especially Na+ Cl-

Literally means that two substances move in opposite directions, and the more one substance moves in one direction it forces more of the other substance in the opposite direction

Countercurrent multiplication

The loop of henle accomplishes ______ by actively pumping NA+ and Cl- ions out of the thick ascending limb of the loop

Countercurrent multiplication

Is the passive reabsorption of water that occurs in the PCT and descending limb loop of henle

Obligatory water reabsorption

If blood pressure is too low or salt concentrations and blood are too high the hypothalamus detect the problem and releases___into the bloodstream at the posterior pituitary

Aldosterone

Renin turns an inactive prohormone angiotensin into an active form called Secreted by the liver and always present for this reason

Angiotensin 1

Enzymes in the lungs covert angiotensin 1 into _______

Angiotensin 2

Angiotensin 2 binds to receptors on cells in the _______ of the renal cortex, causing them to release aldosterone

Zona glomerulosa

Targets cells of the DCT and increases NA+ and Cl- reabsorption

Aldosterone

Blood flow through a kidney

Renal artery Segmental artery Interlobar artery Arcuate artery Cortical radiate artery Afferent arteriole Glomelurus Efferent arteriole Peritubular capillaries The venuole Cortical radiate vein Arcuate vein Interlobar vein Renal vein

The _____ transport urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder

Ureters

The _____ is an empty sac that stores urine until it is eliminated from the body.

Urinary bladder

The nephron consists of ?

Renal corpuscle Renal tubule

Like the stomach, the bladder has numerous ______ that allow for compliance

Rugae

The bladder can hold about 200 ml of fluid. When it is near full stretch receptors in the _____ signal the brain and micturition can occur

Trigone

Micturition occurs as smooth muscle in the wall of the bladder_____ contract

Detrussor muscle

The ____ is a tubular duct that transports urine from the bladder to the outside world

Urethra

Stretch receptors in bladder wall send action potentials into sacral region Parasympathetic activation stimulates detrussor muscle in wall of bladder to contract Cerebral cortex receives info and relaxes internal urethra sphincter We consciously relax the external urethra sphincter

Micturition reflex (Urination)

nephrons that are very high up in the cortex they are called

Cortical nephrons

If the nephron is way down here and a long loop of henle then they are called They are next to the medulla Much longer loops of henle More water, ion, reabsorption

Juxtamegulary nephrons

90-95 of the water reabsopred happens between the

Proximal convoluted tubules and the descending limb of the loop of henle

20-25% of water is reabsorped in the

Thin part of the descending limb of the loop of henle

Variable reabsorption takes place in the ?

Thick ascending loop

If BP and BV decrease or decrease renal blood flow

Aldosterone will target DCT

Under normal conditions the only thing that happens at the distal convoluted tubule is

Tubular secretion

Functions of the urinary system

Get rid of waste and toxins Helps regulate BP and BV Conserve and balance out mineral’s and ions and electrolytes Conserve variable nutrients

The thick part of the descending limb is made up of

Simple cuboidal cells with microvilli

The the thin part of the loop of henle is made up of

Simple squamous epithelium pulls out a lot of water

Is fluid pressure that pushes against the walls of blood vessels

Hydrostatic pressure

If NHP is positive then ?

Filtration is occurring and filtrate is formed

If NHP is 0, then ?

No filtration is occurring and harmful substances remain in the blood and can reach high toxic levels.

If NHP is negative, then ?

BP is drastically low and filtration is not occurring.

If BP ⬇️ BV ⬇️

AA dilates EA constricts

BP ⬆️ BV ⬆️

AA constrict EA dilate

Aldosterone targets the ____ and increases salt reabsorption by osmosis water flows the salt and raises blood pressure and blood volume

DCT

The osmotic pressure of blood is called

Colloid osmotic pressure

Is the hydrostatic pressure minus osmotic pressure

Net filtration pressure NFP

NHP-BCOP

NFP

Is the volume of filtrate produced over a period of time

GFR

Sympathetic stimulation constricts the Afferent arteriole decreasing GFR. Less urine is produced

Autonomic regulation

Most of the material filtered out of the bloodstream must be reclaimed from the tubular fluid. This process is called

Reabsorption

The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs 60-70% of the fluid volume of the filtrate, as well as 100% nutrients. There are four main transport mechanisms

Facilitated diffusion Active transport Cotransport Countertransport