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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Chapter 26 Urinary System > Flashcards

Chapter 26 Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

the functional unit of the kidney
Eliminates toxins and harmful substances from the blood
Regulates blood pressure
Regulates plasma concentrations of ions, blood PH, and conserves nutrients

A

Nephron

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2
Q

Build up of waste in the blood

A

Sepsis

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3
Q

The renal capsule consists of ?

A

Glomerus and bowman’s capsule

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4
Q

The renal tubule consists of the ?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of henle
Distal convoluted tubule

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5
Q

100% of the nutrients reabsorbed
70% of water reabsorbed
Variable reabsorption

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

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6
Q

20-25% of water reabsorption happens between the ________and ______

A

proximal distal tubule and the descending part of the loop of henle

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7
Q

The thick ascending limb of the loop of henle gives us variable reabsorption of ?

A

Salt

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8
Q

Pressure in the glomerus forces a fluid, called _____, out of the blood and into the capsular space.

A

Filtrate

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9
Q

The _____ contains good substances like nutrients and beneficial ions as well as bad substances like waste (urea), toxins, and harmful ions.

A

Filtrate

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10
Q

As the filtrate emters the renal tubule it is now called

A

Tubular fluid

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11
Q

As the tubular fluid flows through the tubule good substances and water are reabsorped across the tubule wall and into the _______

A

Peritubular fluid

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12
Q

The removal of substances from blood by forcing them, under pressure, across the filtration membrane

A

Glomerular filtration

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13
Q

The return of beneficial substances nutrients, ions, vitamins and water from the filtrate to the blood

A

Tubular reabsorption

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14
Q

The addition of excess K+ and H+ from the blood to the filtrate

A

Tubular secretion

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15
Q

If BV ⬇️ BP ⬇️ ____ targets the DCT to increase H20

A

ADH

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16
Q

If BP and Renal blood flow ⬇️ Na+, cl- ⬇️ kidneys will release _______ and kick off the renin angiotensin pathway

A

Renin

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17
Q

If BP and BV ⬆️, Target DCT and ⬆️ na+, cl- and h2o loss in urine

A

ANP is released

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18
Q

100% nutrient reabsorption @

A

Pct

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19
Q

Variable reabsorption through out the tract at the descending proximal distal tubule and ascending loop of henle

A

Sodium
Chloride
Postassium

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20
Q

Secrete them thru tubular secretions into DCT

A

Hydrogen ions

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21
Q

Failure of the kidneys to filter is called

A

Renal failure

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22
Q

Can constrict or dilate to keep filtrate rate constant BP may change

A

Afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole

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23
Q

Secretes renin and EPO

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

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24
Q

The kidneys maintain _____ of nutrients and ions that end up in the extracellaur Fluid that bathes cells by filtering the blood across the surface of the glomerus

A

Homeostatic concentrations

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25
Q

Good stuff reenters the bloodstream by diffusing back into the

A

Peritubular capillaries

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26
Q

These ions and the harmful substances end up as urine in the collecting duct and are dumped into the minor calyces, major calyces, flow through the renal, into the ureter and are stored in the bladder until realesed by

A

Micturition

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27
Q

Targets the DCT and collecting duct to ⬆️ Na+ cl- reabsorption, H20 follows the salt, ⬆️ BP

A

Aldosterone

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28
Q

100% reabsorption @PCT

A

Nutrients

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29
Q

Variable reabsortion through tout the tract
At the Proximal distal tubule and ascending loop of henle

A

Sodium chloride potassium ions

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30
Q

Secrete them thru tubular secretions into the DCT

A

Hydrogen ions

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31
Q

Glucose

A

180 DCL

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32
Q

If BP drops slightly and NFP drops then the Afferent arteriole dilates to increase blood flow into glomerulus, keeping pressure and filtration rates close to normal

A

Auto regulation

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33
Q

If BP drops noticeably than the juxtaglomerular cells release renin. This initiates the reniin angiotensin pathway to increase aldosterone levels

A

Hormonal regulation

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34
Q

These substances can be passively transported across the membrane by carrier proteins called

A

Facilitated diffusion

35
Q

A high energy bond provides energy needed to move ions or molecules across the membrane

A

Active transport

36
Q

Also known as a secondary active transport, is a type of transport across a cell membrane that uses the stored in an electrochemical gradient to move a molecule against its concentration gradient

A

Cotransport

37
Q

Is a type of transport across a cell membrane that involves the simultaneous movement of two molecules or ions in opposite directions across the membrane

A

Countertransport

38
Q

Is the plasma concentration of a substance at which 100% of that substance will be reabsorbed by the renal tubule

A

Tubular maximum

39
Q

Is the plasma concentration at which a substance begins to appear in urine

A

Renal threshold

40
Q

Renal threshold for glucose is ?

A

180mg/dl

41
Q

The thin descending limb is permeable to ?

A

Water

42
Q

The thick ascedning limb is permeable to

A

Ions especially Na+ Cl-

43
Q

Literally means that two substances move in opposite directions, and the more one substance moves in one direction it forces more of the other substance in the opposite direction

A

Countercurrent multiplication

44
Q

The loop of henle accomplishes ______ by actively pumping NA+ and Cl- ions out of the thick ascending limb of the loop

A

Countercurrent multiplication

45
Q

Is the passive reabsorption of water that occurs in the PCT and descending limb loop of henle

A

Obligatory water reabsorption

46
Q

If blood pressure is too low or salt concentrations and blood are too high the hypothalamus detect the problem and releases___into the bloodstream at the posterior pituitary

A

Aldosterone

47
Q

Renin turns an inactive prohormone angiotensin into an active form called

Secreted by the liver and always present for this reason

A

Angiotensin 1

48
Q

Enzymes in the lungs covert angiotensin 1 into _______

A

Angiotensin 2

49
Q

Angiotensin 2 binds to receptors on cells in the _______ of the renal cortex, causing them to release aldosterone

A

Zona glomerulosa

50
Q

Targets cells of the DCT and increases NA+ and Cl- reabsorption

A

Aldosterone

51
Q

Blood flow through a kidney

A

Renal artery
Segmental artery
Interlobar artery
Arcuate artery
Cortical radiate artery
Afferent arteriole
Glomelurus
Efferent arteriole
Peritubular capillaries
The venuole
Cortical radiate vein
Arcuate vein
Interlobar vein
Renal vein

52
Q

The _____ transport urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder

A

Ureters

53
Q

The _____ is an empty sac that stores urine until it is eliminated from the body.

A

Urinary bladder

54
Q

The nephron consists of ?

A

Renal corpuscle

Renal tubule

55
Q

Like the stomach, the bladder has numerous ______ that allow for compliance

A

Rugae

56
Q

The bladder can hold about 200 ml of fluid. When it is near full stretch receptors in the _____ signal the brain and micturition can occur

A

Trigone

57
Q

Micturition occurs as smooth muscle in the wall of the bladder_____ contract

A

Detrussor muscle

58
Q

The ____ is a tubular duct that transports urine from the bladder to the outside world

A

Urethra

59
Q

Stretch receptors in bladder wall send action potentials into sacral region
Parasympathetic activation stimulates detrussor muscle in wall of bladder to contract
Cerebral cortex receives info and relaxes internal urethra sphincter
We consciously relax the external urethra sphincter

A

Micturition reflex (Urination)

60
Q

nephrons that are very high up in the cortex they are called

A

Cortical nephrons

61
Q

If the nephron is way down here and a long loop of henle then they are called
They are next to the medulla
Much longer loops of henle
More water, ion, reabsorption

A

Juxtamegulary nephrons

62
Q

90-95 of the water reabsopred happens between the

A

Proximal convoluted tubules and the descending limb of the loop of henle

63
Q

20-25% of water is reabsorped in the

A

Thin part of the descending limb of the loop of henle

64
Q

Variable reabsorption takes place in the ?

A

Thick ascending loop

65
Q

If BP and BV decrease or decrease renal blood flow

A

Aldosterone will target DCT

66
Q

Under normal conditions the only thing that happens at the distal convoluted tubule is

A

Tubular secretion

67
Q

Functions of the urinary system

A

Get rid of waste and toxins
Helps regulate BP and BV
Conserve and balance out mineral’s and ions and electrolytes
Conserve variable nutrients

68
Q

The thick part of the descending limb is made up of

A

Simple cuboidal cells with microvilli

69
Q

The the thin part of the loop of henle is made up of

A

Simple squamous epithelium pulls out a lot of water

70
Q

Is fluid pressure that pushes against the walls of blood vessels

A

Hydrostatic pressure

71
Q

If NHP is positive then ?

A

Filtration is occurring and filtrate is formed

72
Q

If NHP is 0, then ?

A

No filtration is occurring and harmful substances remain in the blood and can reach high toxic levels.

73
Q

If NHP is negative, then ?

A

BP is drastically low and filtration is not occurring.

74
Q

If BP ⬇️ BV ⬇️

A

AA dilates

EA constricts

75
Q

BP ⬆️ BV ⬆️

A

AA constrict

EA dilate

76
Q

Aldosterone targets the ____ and increases salt reabsorption by osmosis water flows the salt and raises blood pressure and blood volume

A

DCT

77
Q

The osmotic pressure of blood is called

A

Colloid osmotic pressure

78
Q

Is the hydrostatic pressure minus osmotic pressure

A

Net filtration pressure NFP

79
Q

NHP-BCOP

A

NFP

80
Q

Is the volume of filtrate produced over a period of time

A

GFR

81
Q

Sympathetic stimulation constricts the Afferent arteriole decreasing GFR. Less urine is produced

A

Autonomic regulation

82
Q

Most of the material filtered out of the bloodstream must be reclaimed from the tubular fluid. This process is called

A

Reabsorption

83
Q

The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs 60-70% of the fluid volume of the filtrate, as well as 100% nutrients. There are four main transport mechanisms

A

Facilitated diffusion
Active transport
Cotransport
Countertransport

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (12 decks)

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