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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Chapter 17 Part Two > Flashcards

Chapter 17 Part Two Flashcards

1
Q

Change in direction of photons (rays) of light as they pass from 1 medium to another

A

Refraction

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2
Q

Four refractive media of the eye

A

Cornea greatest of refraction

Aqueous humor found in anterior cavity

Lens

Vitreous humor found in posterior

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3
Q

changing the shape of lens to focus on different distances

A

Accommodation

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4
Q

Viewing a near object

A

Ciliary muscle contracts

Suspended ligaments go slack

Lens is more rounded

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5
Q

Viewing a distant object

A

Ciliary muscle relaxes

Suspended ligaments pulled tight

Lens is flattened

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6
Q

Loss of opacity /cloudy lens

A

Cataract

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7
Q

Abnormal curvature of the cornea or lens

A

Astigmatism

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8
Q

Is normal vision 20/20

A

Emmetropia

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9
Q

To be near sighted

A

Myopia

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10
Q

Is to be far sighted

A

Hyperopia

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11
Q

Hyperopia is that occurs with age due to a loss of elasticity of the lens

A

Presbyopia

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12
Q

20 ft by 20 ft

A

20/20 vision

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13
Q

Eagle eye, you can see at 20 ft what a person has to see at 15 ft

A

20/15 vision

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14
Q

With corrective lens you are considered legally blind

A

20/200

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15
Q

Any substance that absorbs the energy of a photon of light

A

Pigment

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16
Q

Has the greatest of refraction

A

Cornea

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17
Q

1st order neuron

A

Bi polar cells

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18
Q

Sends axons out of optic nerve

A

Ganglion cells

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19
Q

Visual pigment on a ROD is called _______

Visual pigment on a CONE is called ______

A

Rhodopsin

Iodopsin

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20
Q

Iodopsin 1 can be found in

Iodopsin 2 can be found in ?

Iodopsin 3 can be found in ?

A

Red

Green

Blue

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21
Q

Layer of cells containing pigments that absorb photons of light that lie outside the visible spectrum; it’s the photons we can’t see.

A

Pigmented epithelium

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22
Q

Retina has three layers of cells

A

Photoreceptors
Rods
Cones

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23
Q

Neurons containing pigments that absorb photons within the visible spectrum

A

Photoreceptors

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24
Q

An area on the retina in the center of our field of view it has the highest concentration of cones only. Sharpest vision

A

Fovea

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25
Q

Is an area on the retina with no photoreceptors, it is where all the axons of ganglion cells exit via the optic nerve

A

Optic disk

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26
Q

Color vision active in bright light

A

Cones

27
Q

Black white night vision no color

A

Rods

28
Q

Active in darkness slopes silhouettes

A

Rhodopsin

29
Q

Four different visual pigments

A

Iodopsin 1 red
Iodopsin 2 green
Iodopsin 3 blue
Rhodopsin reds only

30
Q

Rods and cones are the photoreceptor cells found in the

A

Retina

31
Q

The other segment of a _____ is tapered and contain many membrane folds, within these folds are integral membrane proteins that make up visual pigment called Iodopsin 1, 2, and 3.

A

Cone

32
Q

The outer segment of a ___ contains membranous discs with a similar protein that makes the visual pigment rhodopsin.

A

Rods

33
Q

Each visual pigment (Iodopsin and rhodopsin) has a molecule of retinal attached. Retinal is a derivative of retinol vitamin A. It is the _______ portion of the pigment that determines the sensitivity to different wavelengths of light.

A

Protein

34
Q

Outside the visible spectrum photons will pass

A

Ganglion
Bipolar
Photoreceptors
Absorb in pigmented epithelium

35
Q

Photons inside the visible spectrum will pass

A

Photoreceptors
Bipolar
Ganglion
Optic nerve

36
Q

The inner ear is made up of a maze of bone called the

A

Bony labyrinth

37
Q

Inside of this bony labyrinth is another maze of membrane called the

A

Membranous labyrinth

38
Q

Between the bony and membranous labyrinth is a fluid called

A

Perilymph

39
Q

The movement of these fluids will distort the auditory receptors (hair cells) and result in sensations of equilibrium and hearing

A

Perilymph

Endolymph

40
Q

The sense of equilibrium is detected by the hair cells found in the

A

Vestibule (vestibular complex)

41
Q

The semicircular canals detect _________ movements

A

Rotational

42
Q

Anterior posterior rotation nodding your head (yes or no)

A

Anterior semicircular canal

43
Q

Horizontal rotation (spin like an ice skater or ballerina)

A

Lateral semicircular canal

44
Q

Lateral rotation (leaning or cartwheel)

A

Posterior semicircular canal

45
Q

The _______ detect angular linear movements and gravitational motion

A

Utricle and saccule

46
Q

The vestibular branch of the vestibule cochlear nerve passes impulses from the semicircular canals and the utricle and saccule to the _______ to provide conscious sensations about body position and movements for motor coordination

A

Brain

47
Q

The ______ is the portion of the inner ear that processes what we call sound

A

Cochlea

48
Q

What we perceive as sound is vibrations of air molecules that bump into the tympanic membrane like waves of water slapping on a dock. These vibrations of air actually act like and are called

A

Waves or cycles

49
Q

The distance from the top of one wave to the top of the next can be measured and is often called

A

Wavelengths or frequency

50
Q

So the pitch (high or low sounds) we hear is determined by the number of cycles per second, also measured in a unit called a

A

Hertz

51
Q

The highest pitch or frequency the human ear can hear is about ________ cycles per second like the sound of broken glass. Very low frequencies like thunder for example, have low frequencies like _____.

A

20,000

20

52
Q

The loudness or volume of a sound is determined by the amplitude of a sound wave. The taller the wave, The higher the amplitude, the louder it sounds. This is measured in a unit called

A

Decibels

53
Q

Steps involved in hearing

A
  1. The PINNA OF EAR channels sound waves into external auditory canal where they strike and vibrate the tympanic membrane
  2. The vibrations of the tympanic membrane vibrate the auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, and then the stapes, in that order). The function of the ossicles is to amplify the sound vibrations
  3. The stapes is attached to and vibrates the oval window of the cochlea
  4. This results in vibrations or pressure waves in the fluid of the vestibular duct, called Perilymph
  5. The waves of the Perilymph distort the vestibular, tectorial, and basilar membranes causing a movement of the hair cells that distorts the cell membrane. This physical distortion of the stereocilia results in the opening of ion channels and depolarization of the hair cells.
  6. The receptor potential stimulates neurons of the spiral ganglion which eventually synapses in the auditory cortex of the temporal lobe of the brain.
54
Q

High pitch sounds stimulate regions within the cochlea that are very near or proximal to the ____

A

Oval window

55
Q

Low pitch sounds stimulate distal regions of the _______ of the cochlea

A

Membranous labyrinth

56
Q

List the structures in order, through which the aqueous humor would flow after being secreted by the ciliary body

A
  1. Secreted at the ciliary muscle
  2. Flows through POSTERIOR CHAMBER
  3. Thru the PUPIL
  4. Flows in to ANTERIOR CHAMBER
  5. Reabsorbed @the CANAL OF SCHLEMN
57
Q

Retina damage due to diabetes

A

Diabetic retinopathy

58
Q

By the way, carrots and other veggies contain chemicals (_______) that are used to make vitamin A, which is converted to retinal for visual pigments

A

Beta carotenes

59
Q

The hair cells of the utricle and saccule are clustered into small structures called_____. The cells are covered with a gelatinous mass on top of which is found a structure called an _____.

A

Maculae

Otolith

60
Q

When the head and body suddenly move in a linear or angular direction, the ______ lag behind and distort the gelatinous mass, which then distorts the hair cells and changes the resting membrane potential

A

Otoliths

61
Q

At the base of each semicircular canal is an expanded region called the

A

Ampulla

62
Q

Damage to the cochlea or the cochlear branch of the vestibulocochular nerve would result in

A

Hearing loss

63
Q

Vestibule nerve is for ?

Cochlear nerve is for ?

A

Equilibrium

Hearing

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (12 decks)

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