Chapter 19 Blood Flashcards
When referring to blood it is understood to be ?
Whole blood
Whole blood is made up of fluid part called ________, and cellular components called _____?
Plasma 55%
Formed elements 45%
Is approximately 92% water, 7% proteins, and 1 % other solutes
Plasma
3 major plasma proteins
Albumin
Globulin
Fibrogens
Most abundant protein in blood
Increase blood viscosity, blood volume, help maintain BP
Albumin
These are the antibodies
The most important _________ are the immunoglobulins or antibody proteins that attack foreign substances that enter the body like bacteria and viruses
Globulins
Are proteins that when activated will coagulate clump together and result in blood clotting
Fibrogens
Carry dissolved gases
Carry o2 from tissues to lungs
Help carry o2 lungs to tissues
Erythrocytes RBC
Immune cells that fight infections and foreign invaders
Leukocytes
Cell fragments that function in clotting
Platelets
Is similar to interstitial fluid in that it contains dissolved gases o2 co2, proteins, and other solutes like nutrients
Plasma
Is the % of whole blood that is made up of formed elements
Hematocrit
The ______ include cells RBCs and WBCs and cell fragments called platelets
Formed elements
These are the most formed element.
Most abundant cell in the body
They are shaped like a bi-conclave disk
Lack a nucleus and most other organelles
Erythrocytes RBC
The function of ______ is to transport oxygen to our cells, and carbon dioxide away from our cells.
RBC
The average male body has approximately ______ of blood
The average female body has approximately ________ of blood
5-6 L males
4-5 L females
Major functions of blood
- Delivers O2, nutrients & ions to tissues, removes CO2, wastes and excess
- Maintain PH, ion concentration of IF
- Immunity; defense against infection and diseases
- Coagulation (blood clotting) [homeostatis]
- Maintain body temp
Is the amount of pulling pressure generated
Albumins also generate this in blood
Osmotic pressure
Fibrogens can be removed from plasma by______?
Centrifugation
Plasma minus Fibrogens is called
Serum
Is a protein found in RBCs that binds to O2 and CO2 during transport
Hemoglobin
Each RBC has approximately 280 million HB molecules, and each HB molecule is made up of 4 protein sub units ________.
2 alpha and beta chains
Each subunit contains a molecule of _______ that contains iron that can each carry a molecule of O2
Heme
Is a pigment that appears deep red when bound to O2, and a deep blue when bound to Co2.
Heme
In order to carry as many HB molecules as possible, an RBC fills with _____ and loses its organelles before entering the blood stream.
Hemoglobin
Production of red blood cells
Productions of white blood cells
Erythropoesis
Luecopoesis
Lack of iron
Decreased O2 carrying capacity
Decrease in RBCs
Anemia
Due to a lack of vitamin B 12
Pernicious anemia
Yellowing of tissue due to bile backing into blood
Jaundice
Are large class of cells that help defend the body against microbes, toxins, wastes, and other pathogens, as well as remove old damaged tissues and cells.
Leukocytes WBCs
cell surface marker
Anything protein that triggers an immune reaction
Antigen
Protein from lymphocytes that can bind to a specific antigen
Antibody
Movement of a cell along a chemical gradient
Chemotaxis
WBC can squeeze through a capillary wall and exit bloodstream
Diapedesis
Low WBC count susceptible to infections
Leukopenia
Increase WBC (cancer, infection, allergy, leukemia)
Leukcytosis
Increase WBC
Leukemia
Two major classes of leukocytes
Granulocytes and agranulocytes
Three types of granulocytes
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
Make up 70% of WBCs
Stain with neutral dye
Phagocytose bacteria
Secrete prostaglandins which increase permeability causing inflammation and they secrete luekotrienes which attract other WBCs to infected site
Neutrophils
Have cytoplasmic granules that take basic dye that stains them a deep blue purple
Play a role in acute allergic reactions
Contain histamine, heparin and other substances that are released in response to the presence of pathogens and allergens
Basophils
Is a vasodilator that makes blood vessels more permeable
Histamine
Prevents blood clotting so that more blood and WBCs can migrate into a wounded or infected site
Heparin
Take on an acidic dye that stains their cytoplasmic granules red
Found in high numbers of intestinal and pulmonary mucosae and in the dermis of skin
Phagocytose antibody coated bacteria and parasites
Contain cytotoxic proteins (enzymes) that can be released to kill or lyse open pathogens and infected cells
Eosinophils
Two major classes of agranulocytes
Monocytes and lymphocytes
Largest of WBCs
Have a crescent shaped nucleus
Highly Phagocytose
Monocytes
If a monocytes migrates into peripheral tissues via diapedesis it is then called
Macrophage
Are most numerous in filter organs like the spleen, liver, and lungs, lymph nodes collectively known as the mononuclear Phagocyte system
Macrophages
Macrophages in the liver, bone, and nervous tissue like the brain are called?
Kupffer cells in the liver
Osteoclasts in the bone
Microglial in the nervous tissue
Both monocytes and macrophages are phagocytic like
Neutrophils
The 4 leukocytes discussed above, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes/macrophages can attack any foreign substance that invades the body, so they are referred to as the
Non specific immune system
A normal human is born with these cells functioning, so non specific immunity is also referred to as
Innate in born immunity
Rather than phagocytose a foreign substance like bacteria or viruses ________ make and secrete proteins called antibodies that will bind to that specific invader and prevent it from functioning
Lymphocytes
Because lymphocytes develop antibodies to very specific pathogens and invaders, they make up the specific immune system. We are not born with these antibodies and only develop them upon exposure therefore specific immunity is also called
Acquired immunity
Liver makes many plasma proteins
Albumin
Fibrinogens
Clotting enzymes
Formation of blood cells
Formation of RBCs
Formation of WBCs
Hemopoiesis
Erythropoiesis
Leukopoesis
Are not cells, but are cell fragments produced by very large cells called megakaryocytes
Platelets
Live in bone marrow and release these platelets which are small vesicle like bubbles of membrane containing numerous enzymes involved in the clotting of blood to prevent blood loss due to injury
Megakaryocytes
Blood clotting is also called _______, and the process of preventing blood loss by clotting is called ________
Coagulation
Hemostasis
Is the biochemical process of blood clotting or coagulating to prevent blood loss due to injury
Hemostasis
Hemostasis
- Vascular phase
- Platelet phase
- Coagulation phase
- Clot retraction
- Fibrinolysis
Due to damage to the vessel, smooth muscle in the wall of the vessel goes into spasm and constricts blood vessel diameter, decreasing blood loss.
Step 1 vascular phase
The damaged vessel releases chemicals that cause platelets to become sticky anwd cling to each other and the vessel wall. The platelets form a plug that helps seal the damaged vessel
Step 2 platelet phase
Chemicals from the damaged blood vessel also begin a biochemical reaction that activates a protein called fibrin that coagulates and forms a plug that catches platelets and other cells that completely seal off the damaged vessel to prevent blood loss.
Step 3 coagulation phase
Platelets contain actin and myosin similar to muscle cells. Actin and myosin interact pull the damaged blood vessels closed.
Step 4 clot retraction
After the damaged vessel has clotted and healed, the tissue releases a pro enzyme called plasminogen. Plasminogen is converted to an active form called plasmin that dissolves the clot and opens the vessel up for blood flow.
Fibrinolysis
STEP 3 of the Coagulation phase
Coagulation
Thromboplastin activates factor X
Factor X turns into prothrombinase
Prothrombinase turns into prothrombin
Prothrombin turns into thrombin
Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin
Is an enzyme that kicks off the coagulation process
Thromboplastin
Thromboplastin from step 1 activates factor X and forms the enzyme prothrombinase
Formation of prothrombinase
Prothrombinase is an enzyme that once activated, converts prothrombin to thrombin.
Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
Thrombin is an enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin, which forms a mesh work to clot the bleeding site and prevent blood loss
Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
Why does the process of coagulation work the way it does ?
Massive amplification of the clotting reaction so the clot occurs at the site of the wound
Stationary blood clot
Thrombus
Floating in the bloodstream free floating blood clot
Embolus
Blood thinners and stop clotting reactions
Heparin
Coumadin
Coumarin
Warfarin
Aspirin
⬆️ HR, Na2+, ⬆️BP, ⬆️ BV, ⬆️ CO
ADH aldosterone
⬆️ NA2+, ⬆️ CL- loss, ⬇️BP, ⬇️ Bv
Atrial natruetic peptide ANP
CO= SV x HR how do you figure for stroke volume ?
EDV — ESV = SV
The volume of blood in L ventricle at the end of diastole
The volume of blood in left ventricle at the end of systole
End diastolic volume EDV 130 ML
End systolic volume ESV 50 ML
