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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Chapter 19 Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 19 Blood Flashcards

1
Q

When referring to blood it is understood to be ?

A

Whole blood

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2
Q

Whole blood is made up of fluid part called ________, and cellular components called _____?

A

Plasma 55%

Formed elements 45%

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3
Q

Is approximately 92% water, 7% proteins, and 1 % other solutes

A

Plasma

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4
Q

3 major plasma proteins

A

Albumin
Globulin
Fibrogens

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5
Q

Most abundant protein in blood
Increase blood viscosity, blood volume, help maintain BP

A

Albumin

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6
Q

These are the antibodies
The most important _________ are the immunoglobulins or antibody proteins that attack foreign substances that enter the body like bacteria and viruses

A

Globulins

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7
Q

Are proteins that when activated will coagulate clump together and result in blood clotting

A

Fibrogens

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8
Q

Carry dissolved gases
Carry o2 from tissues to lungs
Help carry o2 lungs to tissues

A

Erythrocytes RBC

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9
Q

Immune cells that fight infections and foreign invaders

A

Leukocytes

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10
Q

Cell fragments that function in clotting

A

Platelets

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11
Q

Is similar to interstitial fluid in that it contains dissolved gases o2 co2, proteins, and other solutes like nutrients

A

Plasma

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12
Q

Is the % of whole blood that is made up of formed elements

A

Hematocrit

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13
Q

The ______ include cells RBCs and WBCs and cell fragments called platelets

A

Formed elements

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14
Q

These are the most formed element.
Most abundant cell in the body
They are shaped like a bi-conclave disk
Lack a nucleus and most other organelles

A

Erythrocytes RBC

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15
Q

The function of ______ is to transport oxygen to our cells, and carbon dioxide away from our cells.

A

RBC

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16
Q

The average male body has approximately ______ of blood

The average female body has approximately ________ of blood

A

5-6 L males

4-5 L females

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17
Q

Major functions of blood

A
  1. Delivers O2, nutrients & ions to tissues, removes CO2, wastes and excess
  2. Maintain PH, ion concentration of IF
  3. Immunity; defense against infection and diseases
  4. Coagulation (blood clotting) [homeostatis]
  5. Maintain body temp
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18
Q

Is the amount of pulling pressure generated

Albumins also generate this in blood

A

Osmotic pressure

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19
Q

Fibrogens can be removed from plasma by______?

A

Centrifugation

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20
Q

Plasma minus Fibrogens is called

A

Serum

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21
Q

Is a protein found in RBCs that binds to O2 and CO2 during transport

A

Hemoglobin

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22
Q

Each RBC has approximately 280 million HB molecules, and each HB molecule is made up of 4 protein sub units ________.

A

2 alpha and beta chains

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23
Q

Each subunit contains a molecule of _______ that contains iron that can each carry a molecule of O2

A

Heme

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24
Q

Is a pigment that appears deep red when bound to O2, and a deep blue when bound to Co2.

A

Heme

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25
Q

In order to carry as many HB molecules as possible, an RBC fills with _____ and loses its organelles before entering the blood stream.

A

Hemoglobin

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26
Q

Production of red blood cells

Productions of white blood cells

A

Erythropoesis

Luecopoesis

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27
Q

Lack of iron
Decreased O2 carrying capacity
Decrease in RBCs

A

Anemia

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28
Q

Due to a lack of vitamin B 12

A

Pernicious anemia

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29
Q

Yellowing of tissue due to bile backing into blood

A

Jaundice

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30
Q

Are large class of cells that help defend the body against microbes, toxins, wastes, and other pathogens, as well as remove old damaged tissues and cells.

A

Leukocytes WBCs

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31
Q

cell surface marker
Anything protein that triggers an immune reaction

A

Antigen

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32
Q

Protein from lymphocytes that can bind to a specific antigen

A

Antibody

33
Q

Movement of a cell along a chemical gradient

A

Chemotaxis

34
Q

WBC can squeeze through a capillary wall and exit bloodstream

A

Diapedesis

35
Q

Low WBC count susceptible to infections

A

Leukopenia

36
Q

Increase WBC (cancer, infection, allergy, leukemia)

A

Leukcytosis

37
Q

Increase WBC

A

Leukemia

38
Q

Two major classes of leukocytes

A

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

39
Q

Three types of granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils

40
Q

Make up 70% of WBCs
Stain with neutral dye
Phagocytose bacteria
Secrete prostaglandins which increase permeability causing inflammation and they secrete luekotrienes which attract other WBCs to infected site

A

Neutrophils

41
Q

Have cytoplasmic granules that take basic dye that stains them a deep blue purple
Play a role in acute allergic reactions
Contain histamine, heparin and other substances that are released in response to the presence of pathogens and allergens

A

Basophils

42
Q

Is a vasodilator that makes blood vessels more permeable

A

Histamine

43
Q

Prevents blood clotting so that more blood and WBCs can migrate into a wounded or infected site

A

Heparin

44
Q

Take on an acidic dye that stains their cytoplasmic granules red
Found in high numbers of intestinal and pulmonary mucosae and in the dermis of skin
Phagocytose antibody coated bacteria and parasites
Contain cytotoxic proteins (enzymes) that can be released to kill or lyse open pathogens and infected cells

A

Eosinophils

45
Q

Two major classes of agranulocytes

A

Monocytes and lymphocytes

46
Q

Largest of WBCs
Have a crescent shaped nucleus
Highly Phagocytose

A

Monocytes

47
Q

If a monocytes migrates into peripheral tissues via diapedesis it is then called

A

Macrophage

48
Q

Are most numerous in filter organs like the spleen, liver, and lungs, lymph nodes collectively known as the mononuclear Phagocyte system

A

Macrophages

49
Q

Macrophages in the liver, bone, and nervous tissue like the brain are called?

A

Kupffer cells in the liver
Osteoclasts in the bone
Microglial in the nervous tissue

50
Q

Both monocytes and macrophages are phagocytic like

A

Neutrophils

51
Q

The 4 leukocytes discussed above, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes/macrophages can attack any foreign substance that invades the body, so they are referred to as the

A

Non specific immune system

52
Q

A normal human is born with these cells functioning, so non specific immunity is also referred to as

A

Innate in born immunity

53
Q

Rather than phagocytose a foreign substance like bacteria or viruses ________ make and secrete proteins called antibodies that will bind to that specific invader and prevent it from functioning

A

Lymphocytes

54
Q

Because lymphocytes develop antibodies to very specific pathogens and invaders, they make up the specific immune system. We are not born with these antibodies and only develop them upon exposure therefore specific immunity is also called

A

Acquired immunity

55
Q

Liver makes many plasma proteins

A

Albumin
Fibrinogens
Clotting enzymes

56
Q

Formation of blood cells

Formation of RBCs

Formation of WBCs

A

Hemopoiesis

Erythropoiesis

Leukopoesis

57
Q

Are not cells, but are cell fragments produced by very large cells called megakaryocytes

A

Platelets

58
Q

Live in bone marrow and release these platelets which are small vesicle like bubbles of membrane containing numerous enzymes involved in the clotting of blood to prevent blood loss due to injury

A

Megakaryocytes

59
Q

Blood clotting is also called _______, and the process of preventing blood loss by clotting is called ________

A

Coagulation

Hemostasis

60
Q

Is the biochemical process of blood clotting or coagulating to prevent blood loss due to injury

A

Hemostasis

61
Q

Hemostasis

A
  1. Vascular phase
  2. Platelet phase
  3. Coagulation phase
  4. Clot retraction
  5. Fibrinolysis
62
Q

Due to damage to the vessel, smooth muscle in the wall of the vessel goes into spasm and constricts blood vessel diameter, decreasing blood loss.

A

Step 1 vascular phase

63
Q

The damaged vessel releases chemicals that cause platelets to become sticky anwd cling to each other and the vessel wall. The platelets form a plug that helps seal the damaged vessel

A

Step 2 platelet phase

64
Q

Chemicals from the damaged blood vessel also begin a biochemical reaction that activates a protein called fibrin that coagulates and forms a plug that catches platelets and other cells that completely seal off the damaged vessel to prevent blood loss.

A

Step 3 coagulation phase

65
Q

Platelets contain actin and myosin similar to muscle cells. Actin and myosin interact pull the damaged blood vessels closed.

A

Step 4 clot retraction

66
Q

After the damaged vessel has clotted and healed, the tissue releases a pro enzyme called plasminogen. Plasminogen is converted to an active form called plasmin that dissolves the clot and opens the vessel up for blood flow.

A

Fibrinolysis

67
Q

STEP 3 of the Coagulation phase

A

Coagulation

Thromboplastin activates factor X

Factor X turns into prothrombinase

Prothrombinase turns into prothrombin

Prothrombin turns into thrombin

Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin

68
Q

Is an enzyme that kicks off the coagulation process

A

Thromboplastin

69
Q

Thromboplastin from step 1 activates factor X and forms the enzyme prothrombinase

A

Formation of prothrombinase

70
Q

Prothrombinase is an enzyme that once activated, converts prothrombin to thrombin.

A

Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin

71
Q

Thrombin is an enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin, which forms a mesh work to clot the bleeding site and prevent blood loss

A

Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

72
Q

Why does the process of coagulation work the way it does ?

A

Massive amplification of the clotting reaction so the clot occurs at the site of the wound

73
Q

Stationary blood clot

A

Thrombus

74
Q

Floating in the bloodstream free floating blood clot

A

Embolus

75
Q

Blood thinners and stop clotting reactions

A

Heparin
Coumadin
Coumarin
Warfarin
Aspirin

76
Q

⬆️ HR, Na2+, ⬆️BP, ⬆️ BV, ⬆️ CO

A

ADH aldosterone

77
Q

⬆️ NA2+, ⬆️ CL- loss, ⬇️BP, ⬇️ Bv

A

Atrial natruetic peptide ANP

78
Q

CO= SV x HR how do you figure for stroke volume ?

A

EDV — ESV = SV

79
Q

The volume of blood in L ventricle at the end of diastole

The volume of blood in left ventricle at the end of systole

A

End diastolic volume EDV 130 ML

End systolic volume ESV 50 ML

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (12 decks)

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