Chapter 19 Blood Flashcards by fermin chapa

When referring to blood it is understood to be ?

Whole blood

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Whole blood is made up of fluid part called ________, and cellular components called _____?

Plasma 55%

Formed elements 45%

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Is approximately 92% water, 7% proteins, and 1 % other solutes

Plasma

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3 major plasma proteins

Albumin
Globulin
Fibrogens

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Most abundant protein in blood
Increase blood viscosity, blood volume, help maintain BP

Albumin

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These are the antibodies
The most important _________ are the immunoglobulins or antibody proteins that attack foreign substances that enter the body like bacteria and viruses

Globulins

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Are proteins that when activated will coagulate clump together and result in blood clotting

Fibrogens

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Carry dissolved gases
Carry o2 from tissues to lungs
Help carry o2 lungs to tissues

Erythrocytes RBC

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Immune cells that fight infections and foreign invaders

Leukocytes

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Cell fragments that function in clotting

Platelets

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Is similar to interstitial fluid in that it contains dissolved gases o2 co2, proteins, and other solutes like nutrients

Plasma

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Is the % of whole blood that is made up of formed elements

Hematocrit

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The ______ include cells RBCs and WBCs and cell fragments called platelets

Formed elements

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These are the most formed element.
Most abundant cell in the body
They are shaped like a bi-conclave disk
Lack a nucleus and most other organelles

Erythrocytes RBC

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The function of ______ is to transport oxygen to our cells, and carbon dioxide away from our cells.

RBC

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The average male body has approximately ______ of blood

The average female body has approximately ________ of blood

5-6 L males

4-5 L females

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Major functions of blood

Delivers O2, nutrients & ions to tissues, removes CO2, wastes and excess
Maintain PH, ion concentration of IF
Immunity; defense against infection and diseases
Coagulation (blood clotting) [homeostatis]
Maintain body temp

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Is the amount of pulling pressure generated

Albumins also generate this in blood

Osmotic pressure

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Fibrogens can be removed from plasma by______?

Centrifugation

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Plasma minus Fibrogens is called

Serum

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Is a protein found in RBCs that binds to O2 and CO2 during transport

Hemoglobin

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Each RBC has approximately 280 million HB molecules, and each HB molecule is made up of 4 protein sub units ________.

2 alpha and beta chains

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Each subunit contains a molecule of _______ that contains iron that can each carry a molecule of O2

Heme

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Is a pigment that appears deep red when bound to O2, and a deep blue when bound to Co2.

Heme

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In order to carry as many HB molecules as possible, an RBC fills with _____ and loses its organelles before entering the blood stream.

Hemoglobin

Production of red blood cells Productions of white blood cells

Erythropoesis Luecopoesis

Lack of iron Decreased O2 carrying capacity Decrease in RBCs

Anemia

Due to a lack of vitamin B 12

Pernicious anemia

Yellowing of tissue due to bile backing into blood

Jaundice

Are large class of cells that help defend the body against microbes, toxins, wastes, and other pathogens, as well as remove old damaged tissues and cells.

Leukocytes WBCs

cell surface marker Anything protein that triggers an immune reaction

Antigen

Protein from lymphocytes that can bind to a specific antigen

Antibody

Movement of a cell along a chemical gradient

Chemotaxis

WBC can squeeze through a capillary wall and exit bloodstream

Diapedesis

Low WBC count susceptible to infections

Leukopenia

Increase WBC (cancer, infection, allergy, leukemia)

Leukcytosis

Increase WBC

Leukemia

Two major classes of leukocytes

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

Three types of granulocytes

Neutrophils Basophils Eosinophils

Make up 70% of WBCs Stain with neutral dye Phagocytose bacteria Secrete prostaglandins which increase permeability causing inflammation and they secrete luekotrienes which attract other WBCs to infected site

Neutrophils

Have cytoplasmic granules that take basic dye that stains them a deep blue purple Play a role in acute allergic reactions Contain histamine, heparin and other substances that are released in response to the presence of pathogens and allergens

Basophils

Is a vasodilator that makes blood vessels more permeable

Histamine

Prevents blood clotting so that more blood and WBCs can migrate into a wounded or infected site

Heparin

Take on an acidic dye that stains their cytoplasmic granules red Found in high numbers of intestinal and pulmonary mucosae and in the dermis of skin Phagocytose antibody coated bacteria and parasites Contain cytotoxic proteins (enzymes) that can be released to kill or lyse open pathogens and infected cells

Eosinophils

Two major classes of agranulocytes

Monocytes and lymphocytes

Largest of WBCs Have a crescent shaped nucleus Highly Phagocytose

Monocytes

If a monocytes migrates into peripheral tissues via diapedesis it is then called

Macrophage

Are most numerous in filter organs like the spleen, liver, and lungs, lymph nodes collectively known as the mononuclear Phagocyte system

Macrophages

Macrophages in the liver, bone, and nervous tissue like the brain are called?

Kupffer cells in the liver Osteoclasts in the bone Microglial in the nervous tissue

Both monocytes and macrophages are phagocytic like

Neutrophils

The 4 leukocytes discussed above, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes/macrophages can attack any foreign substance that invades the body, so they are referred to as the

Non specific immune system

A normal human is born with these cells functioning, so non specific immunity is also referred to as

Innate in born immunity

Rather than phagocytose a foreign substance like bacteria or viruses ________ make and secrete proteins called antibodies that will bind to that specific invader and prevent it from functioning

Lymphocytes

Because lymphocytes develop antibodies to very specific pathogens and invaders, they make up the specific immune system. We are not born with these antibodies and only develop them upon exposure therefore specific immunity is also called

Acquired immunity

Liver makes many plasma proteins

Albumin Fibrinogens Clotting enzymes

Formation of blood cells Formation of RBCs Formation of WBCs

Hemopoiesis Erythropoiesis Leukopoesis

Are not cells, but are cell fragments produced by very large cells called megakaryocytes

Platelets

Live in bone marrow and release these platelets which are small vesicle like bubbles of membrane containing numerous enzymes involved in the clotting of blood to prevent blood loss due to injury

Megakaryocytes

Blood clotting is also called _______, and the process of preventing blood loss by clotting is called ________

Coagulation Hemostasis

Is the biochemical process of blood clotting or coagulating to prevent blood loss due to injury

Hemostasis

1. Vascular phase 2. Platelet phase 3. Coagulation phase 4. Clot retraction 5. Fibrinolysis

Due to damage to the vessel, smooth muscle in the wall of the vessel goes into spasm and constricts blood vessel diameter, decreasing blood loss.

Step 1 vascular phase

The damaged vessel releases chemicals that cause platelets to become sticky anwd cling to each other and the vessel wall. The platelets form a plug that helps seal the damaged vessel

Step 2 platelet phase

Chemicals from the damaged blood vessel also begin a biochemical reaction that activates a protein called fibrin that coagulates and forms a plug that catches platelets and other cells that completely seal off the damaged vessel to prevent blood loss.

Step 3 coagulation phase

Platelets contain actin and myosin similar to muscle cells. Actin and myosin interact pull the damaged blood vessels closed.

Step 4 clot retraction

After the damaged vessel has clotted and healed, the tissue releases a pro enzyme called plasminogen. Plasminogen is converted to an active form called plasmin that dissolves the clot and opens the vessel up for blood flow.

Fibrinolysis

STEP 3 of the Coagulation phase

Coagulation Thromboplastin activates factor X Factor X turns into prothrombinase Prothrombinase turns into prothrombin Prothrombin turns into thrombin Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin

Is an enzyme that kicks off the coagulation process

Thromboplastin

Thromboplastin from step 1 activates factor X and forms the enzyme prothrombinase

Formation of prothrombinase

Prothrombinase is an enzyme that once activated, converts prothrombin to thrombin.

Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin

Thrombin is an enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin, which forms a mesh work to clot the bleeding site and prevent blood loss

Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

Why does the process of coagulation work the way it does ?

Massive amplification of the clotting reaction so the clot occurs at the site of the wound

Stationary blood clot

Thrombus

Floating in the bloodstream free floating blood clot

Embolus

Blood thinners and stop clotting reactions

Heparin Coumadin Coumarin Warfarin Aspirin

⬆️ HR, Na2+, ⬆️BP, ⬆️ BV, ⬆️ CO

ADH aldosterone

⬆️ NA2+, ⬆️ CL- loss, ⬇️BP, ⬇️ Bv

Atrial natruetic peptide ANP

CO= SV x HR how do you figure for stroke volume ?

EDV — ESV = SV

The volume of blood in L ventricle at the end of diastole The volume of blood in left ventricle at the end of systole

End diastolic volume EDV 130 ML End systolic volume ESV 50 ML