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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Chapter 24 Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 24 Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Another name for complex sugars and polysaccharides

A

Carbohydrates

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2
Q

In nature sugar is stored as _______?

In a plant sugar is stored as ______?

In an animal sugar is stored as _______?

A

Carbs

Starch

Glycogen

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3
Q

Digest polysaccharides/carbohydrates into disaccharides and monosaccharides

A

Amylases/sacharides

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4
Q

Another name for proteins

A

Polypeptides

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5
Q

Digest polypeptides into amino acids

A

Proteases

Peptidases

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6
Q

Another name for lipids

Fats, oils, waxes

A

Triglycerides

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7
Q

Digest fats, oils, waxes into fatty acids and glycerol

A

Lipases

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8
Q

Another name for nucleic acids

A

Polynucleotide

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9
Q

Digest polynucleotides into 5 carbon sugars, phosphate, nitrogenous base

A

Nucleases

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10
Q

6 functions of the digestive tract

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Mechanical processing
  3. Digestion
  4. Secretion
  5. Absorption
  6. Elimination
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11
Q

Physical breakdown of food

Chewing(teeth) gnashing (tongue)

Segmentation

A

Mechanical processing

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12
Q

Breaks larger chunks into smaller ones increase surface area for enzymes to digest

A

Chewing and gnashing

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13
Q

Regional Churning contractions of the stomach

A

Segmentation

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14
Q

Chemical breakdown

A

Digestion

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15
Q

Moisten dissolve chemicals

A

H20

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16
Q

Coat/lubricate protection against certain acids

A

Mucus

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17
Q

Digest molecules

A

Enzymes

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18
Q

Neutralize acids in tract

A

Buffers

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19
Q

Kill microorganisms dissolve substances/ denature proteins

A

Acids

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20
Q

Stomach acid PH is ?

A

1.5

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21
Q

Wave like contractions that’s propel contents thru the tract

A

Peristalsis

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22
Q

H20
Buffers
Mucus
Acids
Enzymes

A

Secretions

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23
Q

Putting food into the tract

A

Ingestion

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24
Q

Transport proteins on lumned surface & digestive epithelium move nutrients, ions, and vitamins into blood stream

A

Absorption

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25
Q

Removal of waste from the tract (defecate)

A

Elimination

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26
Q

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum all make up the ?

A

Small intestine

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27
Q

Accessory organs for digestion

A

Liver
Gall bladder
Pancreas
Appendix

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28
Q

Duodenum

Jejunum

Ileum

A

10-12 inches

8-10 ft

12ft

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29
Q

Colon is also called

A

Large intestine

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30
Q

Digestion of sugars occurs in the

A

Oral cavity

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31
Q

What is the Function of stomach acid ?

A

Denature proteins

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32
Q

What is happening in the oral cavity ?

A

Ingestion
Mechanical processing
Digestion
Secretion

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33
Q

What is happening in the stomach ?

A

Segmentation
Acids and mucus protect stomach lining
H20
Peptidase/proteases digest proteins

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34
Q

Mouth secretes

A

H20
Mucus
Enzymes
Buffers

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35
Q

What makes up the Mucosa ?

A

Epithelium tissue
Circular tissue
Muscularis interna

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36
Q

Salvia secretes

A

H20
Mucus
Amylase = digest carbohydrates
Buffer= neutralize acid

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37
Q

Digestion starts in the ?

A

Duodenum

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38
Q

Emulsify’s fats breaks into bubbles of fat into chloemicrons

A

Bile

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39
Q

Secretes bile
Pancreatic juice
Digests all 4 major components
Begin absorption of nutrients

A

Duodenum

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40
Q

What is pancreatic juice

A

Amylase
Proteases/ peptidases
Lipases
Nucleases

41
Q

Most nutritional absorption happens in all 3 part ps of the small intestine

A

Duedonum
Jejunum
Ileum

42
Q

Most absorption of h20 occurs in ?

A

Large intestine

43
Q

Why are most vitamins absorbed in the large intestine ?

A

Colon houses numerous bacteria (normal gut flora) which break down waste to make many vitamins

44
Q

Most nutrient digestion occurs in ?

A

Duodenum

45
Q

In each organ the mucosa is made up of 3 layers

A

ET
CT
Muscularis interna

46
Q

In the mouth, pharynx, upper 1/3 of the esophagus, rectum, and anus the digestive epithelium is made up of _________ for protection

A

Straisfied squamous epithelium

47
Q

In the stomach, small and large intestines the digestive epithelium is made up of ________ for secretion and absorption

A

Simple columnar epithelium

48
Q

This is loose connective tissue that lies just deep to the digestive epithelium. It contains numerous blood vessels and lymph vessels

A

Lamina propia

49
Q

This is a double layer of smooth muscle that can cause folds in the mucosa. It is also called

A

Muscularis mucosa or Muscularis interna

50
Q

This is a layer of dense connective tissue that contains larger blood vessels, nerves, and lymph vessels and nodes that form a network called the submucosal plexus

A

Submucosa

51
Q

This is a large double layer of smooth muscle that is responsible for peristalsis and segmentation of the digestive tract

A

Muscularis externa

52
Q

The inner layer is circular muscle ; the outer layer is a longitudinal muscle

A

Muscularis externa

53
Q

Between the two muscle layers (circular and longitudinal) is a network of large nerves and lymph vessels called

A

Myenteric plexus

54
Q

The outer layer of connective tissue that forms the visceral pleura

A

Serosa

55
Q

Incisor

A

Total of 8
4 on top 4 on bottom
Slice and chop food

56
Q

Canine

A

Total of 4 tear and slash

57
Q

Bicuspid/premolar

A

4
Crush

58
Q

Molars

A

12
Grinding

59
Q

White covering of a tooth (crown)

White covering of tooth (root)

A

Enamel

Cementum

60
Q

Most of the tooth is made up of a stuff similar to bone

A

Dentin

61
Q

Differences between bone and dentin

A

Dentin lacks osteoblasts

62
Q

Esophagus empties into the

A

Cardia

63
Q

Two types of muscle contractions in the digestive tract

A

Peristalsis and segmentation

64
Q

Tissue lining the
nasopharnyx
Oropharnyx
Laryngeopharnyx

A

Pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium
Pseudo stratified ciliated columnar

65
Q

The oblique muscle does what ?

The longitudinal and circular muscle does what ?

A

Oblique= Segmentation

Longitudinal and circular = peristalsis

66
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation of these nerves increases peristalsis and segmentation

A

Myenteric plexus

67
Q

What is a buffer ?

A

Resistance changes in PH

68
Q

The process of swallowing is called ?

A

Deglutiton

69
Q

What is the function of the rugae

A

All for compliance

70
Q

Secrete pepsinogen

A

Chief cells

71
Q

Secrete HCL

A

Parietal cells

72
Q

Secrete gastrin increase secretion of chief and parietal cells, increase gastric motility

A

G cells Apud

73
Q

Will target Muscularis externa of stomach to increase contractions motility

A

Gastrin

74
Q

Chief cells
Parietal cells
g cells

A

Gastric activity

75
Q

Four functions of HCL

A

Kills microbes

Activate Pepcid

Denature proteins

Breakdown plant cell walls

76
Q

Regulation of gastric activity

A

Cepahilc phase

Gastric phase

Intestinal phase

77
Q

Preps stomach to digest foods that enters

Brief just prior to gastric phase

Sight, smell, or thought of food initiates parasympathetic stimulation of vagus nerve

Salivary glands of mouth secrete saliva
Gastric pits secrete acid and pepsinogen
G apud cells secrete gastrin

A

Cepahilc phase

78
Q

Long 2-3 hours

Neural stretch receptors in stomach activate the submucosal and Myenteric plexus to begin churning

Presence of peptides in food stimulates G cells to secrete more gastrin

Increased mucus, acid, and enzyme secretion in stomach
Increase gastric motility (churning and mixing)

A

Gastric phase

79
Q

Long, serval hours after gastric phase

Stretch receptors ANd chemoreceptors stumalte an enterogastric reflex to inhibit the Myenteric plexus of the stomach

Presence of carbohydrates, peptides, lipids, and acid stimulate release of secretin and CCK from the duodenal mucosa

Enterogastric refelx shows gastric emptying to increase digestion time in the duodenum
Secrete and cck inhibit gastric juice and gastric motility

A

Intestinal phase

80
Q

Targets pancreas to secrete more pancreatic juice

A

Secretin

81
Q

Target gallbladder and liver increase bile secretion

A

CCK

82
Q

Gastric inhibitory peptide/shuts off gastric peptide

A

GIP gastric inhibitory peptide

83
Q

10 inches

Digestion, mixing bowl

Duodenal papillae, buffers, acids, enzymes

A

Duodenum

84
Q

Some digestion

Most Nutrient absorption

Villi and plicae to increase surface area for absorption

A

Jejunum

85
Q

Absorption, controls emptying into the cecum

Peyere patches numerous lymph nodes to remove bacteria from the colon
Illeocecal valve controls emptying

A

Ileum

86
Q

Is a double mix gland it is both endocrine and exocrine in function

A

Pancreas

87
Q

Pancreatic islets contain alpha and beta cells that secrete glucagon and beta cells secrete insulin

A

Endocrine function of the pancreas

88
Q

Acinar cells produce 1L day of pancreatic juice that is secreted into the duodenum to aid in digestion

A

Exocrine function of the pancreas

89
Q

Largest visceral organ
Regulate blood and metabolism
Holds up to 25% CO
Contains kupper cells
Synthesizes numerous plasma proteins albumins and clotting factors
Secretes bile

A

Liver

90
Q

Is a thick and viscous fluid that contains salts, lipids, water, ions, and bilirubin that aid in lipid digestion by emulsifying fats

A

Bile

91
Q

The Branches of the ______ bring oxygenated blood into the liver sinusoids while
The branches of the _______ bring deoxygenated blood that is rich with nutrients and debris from digestion into the same sinusoids. The oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood mix in the sinusoid and then travels to the ______. The hepatocytes can store nutrients, detoxify drugs and alcohol. K upper cells remove damaged RBCs and bacteria. The clean blood passes through the central vein, haptic veins, and into the inferior vena cava.

A

Hepatic artery

Hepatic portal vein

92
Q

Is a small sac about 4 in long and can store and concentrate bile by absorbing some of the water

A

Gall bladder

93
Q

It’s main function include absorbing most of the water from feces to compact it,

Absorb vitamins produced by bacteria

Stores fecal waste until defecation occurs

A

Large intestine (colon)

94
Q

What is the function of salivary amylase ?

A

Digest carbohydrates

95
Q

Within the center of the dentin is a _____ containing blood vessels and nerves which enter the tooth through an ______

A

Pulp

Apical foramen

96
Q

Each tooth is held in its alveolus by _______

A

Periodontal ligaments

97
Q

The _____ lies just posterior to the trachea and passes through an opening in the diaphragm called the esophageal hiatus

A

Esophagus

98
Q

Numerous lymph nodes to remove bacteria from the colon ileocecal valve

A

Peyers patches

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (12 decks)

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