Chapter 24 Digestive System Flashcards
1
Q
Another name for complex sugars and polysaccharides
A
Carbohydrates
2
Q
In nature sugar is stored as _______?
In a plant sugar is stored as ______?
In an animal sugar is stored as _______?
A
Carbs
Starch
Glycogen
3
Q
Digest polysaccharides/carbohydrates into disaccharides and monosaccharides
A
Amylases/sacharides
4
Q
Another name for proteins
A
Polypeptides
5
Q
Digest polypeptides into amino acids
A
Proteases
Peptidases
6
Q
Another name for lipids
Fats, oils, waxes
A
Triglycerides
7
Q
Digest fats, oils, waxes into fatty acids and glycerol
A
Lipases
8
Q
Another name for nucleic acids
A
Polynucleotide
9
Q
Digest polynucleotides into 5 carbon sugars, phosphate, nitrogenous base
A
Nucleases
10
Q
6 functions of the digestive tract
A
- Ingestion
- Mechanical processing
- Digestion
- Secretion
- Absorption
- Elimination
11
Q
Physical breakdown of food
Chewing(teeth) gnashing (tongue)
Segmentation
A
Mechanical processing
12
Q
Breaks larger chunks into smaller ones increase surface area for enzymes to digest
A
Chewing and gnashing
13
Q
Regional Churning contractions of the stomach
A
Segmentation
14
Q
Chemical breakdown
A
Digestion
15
Q
Moisten dissolve chemicals
A
H20
16
Q
Coat/lubricate protection against certain acids
A
Mucus
17
Q
Digest molecules
A
Enzymes
18
Q
Neutralize acids in tract
A
Buffers
19
Q
Kill microorganisms dissolve substances/ denature proteins
A
Acids
20
Q
Stomach acid PH is ?
A
1.5
21
Q
Wave like contractions that’s propel contents thru the tract
A
Peristalsis
22
Q
H20
Buffers
Mucus
Acids
Enzymes
A
Secretions
23
Q
Putting food into the tract
A
Ingestion
24
Q
Transport proteins on lumned surface & digestive epithelium move nutrients, ions, and vitamins into blood stream
A
Absorption
25
Removal of waste from the tract (defecate)
Elimination
26
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum all make up the ?
Small intestine
27
Accessory organs for digestion
Liver
Gall bladder
Pancreas
Appendix
28
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
10-12 inches
8-10 ft
12ft
29
Colon is also called
Large intestine
30
Digestion of sugars occurs in the
Oral cavity
31
What is the Function of stomach acid ?
Denature proteins
32
What is happening in the oral cavity ?
Ingestion
Mechanical processing
Digestion
Secretion
33
What is happening in the stomach ?
Segmentation
Acids and mucus protect stomach lining
H20
Peptidase/proteases digest proteins
34
Mouth secretes
H20
Mucus
Enzymes
Buffers
35
What makes up the Mucosa ?
Epithelium tissue
Circular tissue
Muscularis interna
36
Salvia secretes
H20
Mucus
Amylase = digest carbohydrates
Buffer= neutralize acid
37
Digestion starts in the ?
Duodenum
38
Emulsify’s fats breaks into bubbles of fat into chloemicrons
Bile
39
Secretes bile
Pancreatic juice
Digests all 4 major components
Begin absorption of nutrients
Duodenum
40
What is pancreatic juice
Amylase
Proteases/ peptidases
Lipases
Nucleases
41
Most nutritional absorption happens in all 3 part ps of the small intestine
Duedonum
Jejunum
Ileum
42
Most absorption of h20 occurs in ?
Large intestine
43
Why are most vitamins absorbed in the large intestine ?
Colon houses numerous bacteria (normal gut flora) which break down waste to make many vitamins
44
Most nutrient digestion occurs in ?
Duodenum
45
In each organ the mucosa is made up of 3 layers
ET
CT
Muscularis interna
46
In the mouth, pharynx, upper 1/3 of the esophagus, rectum, and anus the digestive epithelium is made up of _________ for protection
Straisfied squamous epithelium
47
In the stomach, small and large intestines the digestive epithelium is made up of ________ for secretion and absorption
Simple columnar epithelium
48
This is loose connective tissue that lies just deep to the digestive epithelium. It contains numerous blood vessels and lymph vessels
Lamina propia
49
This is a double layer of smooth muscle that can cause folds in the mucosa. It is also called
Muscularis mucosa or Muscularis interna
50
This is a layer of dense connective tissue that contains larger blood vessels, nerves, and lymph vessels and nodes that form a network called the submucosal plexus
Submucosa
51
This is a large double layer of smooth muscle that is responsible for peristalsis and segmentation of the digestive tract
Muscularis externa
52
The inner layer is circular muscle ; the outer layer is a longitudinal muscle
Muscularis externa
53
Between the two muscle layers (circular and longitudinal) is a network of large nerves and lymph vessels called
Myenteric plexus
54
The outer layer of connective tissue that forms the visceral pleura
Serosa
55
Incisor
Total of 8
4 on top 4 on bottom
Slice and chop food
56
Canine
Total of 4 tear and slash
57
Bicuspid/premolar
4
Crush
58
Molars
12
Grinding
59
White covering of a tooth (crown)
White covering of tooth (root)
Enamel
Cementum
60
Most of the tooth is made up of a stuff similar to bone
Dentin
61
Differences between bone and dentin
Dentin lacks osteoblasts
62
Esophagus empties into the
Cardia
63
Two types of muscle contractions in the digestive tract
Peristalsis and segmentation
64
Tissue lining the
nasopharnyx
Oropharnyx
Laryngeopharnyx
Pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium
Pseudo stratified ciliated columnar
65
The oblique muscle does what ?
The longitudinal and circular muscle does what ?
Oblique= Segmentation
Longitudinal and circular = peristalsis
66
Parasympathetic stimulation of these nerves increases peristalsis and segmentation
Myenteric plexus
67
What is a buffer ?
Resistance changes in PH
68
The process of swallowing is called ?
Deglutiton
69
What is the function of the rugae
All for compliance
70
Secrete pepsinogen
Chief cells
71
Secrete HCL
Parietal cells
72
Secrete gastrin increase secretion of chief and parietal cells, increase gastric motility
G cells Apud
73
Will target Muscularis externa of stomach to increase contractions motility
Gastrin
74
Chief cells
Parietal cells
g cells
Gastric activity
75
Four functions of HCL
Kills microbes
Activate Pepcid
Denature proteins
Breakdown plant cell walls
76
Regulation of gastric activity
Cepahilc phase
Gastric phase
Intestinal phase
77
Preps stomach to digest foods that enters
Brief just prior to gastric phase
Sight, smell, or thought of food initiates parasympathetic stimulation of vagus nerve
Salivary glands of mouth secrete saliva
Gastric pits secrete acid and pepsinogen
G apud cells secrete gastrin
Cepahilc phase
78
Long 2-3 hours
Neural stretch receptors in stomach activate the submucosal and Myenteric plexus to begin churning
Presence of peptides in food stimulates G cells to secrete more gastrin
Increased mucus, acid, and enzyme secretion in stomach
Increase gastric motility (churning and mixing)
Gastric phase
79
Long, serval hours after gastric phase
Stretch receptors ANd chemoreceptors stumalte an enterogastric reflex to inhibit the Myenteric plexus of the stomach
Presence of carbohydrates, peptides, lipids, and acid stimulate release of secretin and CCK from the duodenal mucosa
Enterogastric refelx shows gastric emptying to increase digestion time in the duodenum
Secrete and cck inhibit gastric juice and gastric motility
Intestinal phase
80
Targets pancreas to secrete more pancreatic juice
Secretin
81
Target gallbladder and liver increase bile secretion
CCK
82
Gastric inhibitory peptide/shuts off gastric peptide
GIP gastric inhibitory peptide
83
10 inches
Digestion, mixing bowl
Duodenal papillae, buffers, acids, enzymes
Duodenum
84
Some digestion
Most Nutrient absorption
Villi and plicae to increase surface area for absorption
Jejunum
85
Absorption, controls emptying into the cecum
Peyere patches numerous lymph nodes to remove bacteria from the colon
Illeocecal valve controls emptying
Ileum
86
Is a double mix gland it is both endocrine and exocrine in function
Pancreas
87
Pancreatic islets contain alpha and beta cells that secrete glucagon and beta cells secrete insulin
Endocrine function of the pancreas
88
Acinar cells produce 1L day of pancreatic juice that is secreted into the duodenum to aid in digestion
Exocrine function of the pancreas
89
Largest visceral organ
Regulate blood and metabolism
Holds up to 25% CO
Contains kupper cells
Synthesizes numerous plasma proteins albumins and clotting factors
Secretes bile
Liver
90
Is a thick and viscous fluid that contains salts, lipids, water, ions, and bilirubin that aid in lipid digestion by emulsifying fats
Bile
91
The Branches of the ______ bring oxygenated blood into the liver sinusoids while
The branches of the _______ bring deoxygenated blood that is rich with nutrients and debris from digestion into the same sinusoids. The oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood mix in the sinusoid and then travels to the ______. The hepatocytes can store nutrients, detoxify drugs and alcohol. K upper cells remove damaged RBCs and bacteria. The clean blood passes through the central vein, haptic veins, and into the inferior vena cava.
Hepatic artery
Hepatic portal vein
92
Is a small sac about 4 in long and can store and concentrate bile by absorbing some of the water
Gall bladder
93
It’s main function include absorbing most of the water from feces to compact it,
Absorb vitamins produced by bacteria
Stores fecal waste until defecation occurs
Large intestine (colon)
94
What is the function of salivary amylase ?
Digest carbohydrates
95
Within the center of the dentin is a _____ containing blood vessels and nerves which enter the tooth through an ______
Pulp
Apical foramen
96
Each tooth is held in its alveolus by _______
Periodontal ligaments
97
The _____ lies just posterior to the trachea and passes through an opening in the diaphragm called the esophageal hiatus
Esophagus
98
Numerous lymph nodes to remove bacteria from the colon ileocecal valve
Peyers patches
