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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Chapter 23 Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 23 Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Five functions of the respiratory system

A

Pulmonary ventilation
Provides large surface area for gas exchange
Protections secretions
Phonation
Sensations olfaction

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2
Q

Structures of the upper respiratory system

A

External naris
Nasal cavity
Internal naris
Pharynx (nasopharnyx, oropharnyx, laryngealpharnyx)

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3
Q

Structures of the lower respiratory tract

A

Trachea
Primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar duct
Alveoli

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4
Q

The respiratory mucosa of the majority of the tract, from the trachea down to the terminal bronchioles, is lined with

A

Pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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5
Q

In the ______ the lamina propia contains numerous mucus glands.

A

Upper respiratory tract

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6
Q

In the _______ the lamina propia contains smooth muscle from the trachea to the terminal bronchioles

A

Lower respiratory tract

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7
Q

What is the mucus escalator

A

Any debris that mucus pushes out of the respiratory tract
Requires secretion of mucus

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8
Q

Membrane of the aveoli has ?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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9
Q

What is the function and epithelial lining of the nasopharnyx

A

Moves air and has pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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10
Q

What is the function and epithelial lining of the oropharnyx

A

Moves air and food

Has stratified squamous epithelium

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11
Q

What is the function and epithelial lining of larnygopharnyx

A

It moves air and food

Lining is pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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12
Q

What is the function and epithelial lining of the trachea

A

It moves air

The lining is pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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13
Q

Low oxygen

A

Hypoxia

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14
Q

Without oxygen

A

Anoxia

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15
Q

Hole in the wall of chest cavity

A

Pneumothorax

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16
Q

Collapsed lung

A

Atelactasis

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17
Q

True breathing quiet respiration

A

Eupnea

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18
Q

Not breathing, temporary stoppage of breathing

A

Apnea

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19
Q

Forced exhalation and rapid breathing rate (sympathetic activation)

A

Hypernea

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20
Q

Ability of an organ to change shape to accommodate changes in volume

A

Compliance

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21
Q

Movement of gases to and from the gas exchange surface

(From the atmosphere to aveoli and back out)

A

Pulmonary ventilation

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22
Q

Exchange of gases between the atmosphere and our blood

A

External respiration

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23
Q

Exchange of gases between the blood and tissues (interstitial fluid)

A

Internal respiration

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24
Q

The pressure of a gas in a closed system is inversely proportional to the volume of the system

A

Boyles law

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25
Q

For ______ the volume of the lungs increases, decreasing the pressure of the air in the lungs below atmospheric pressure.

A

Inhalation

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26
Q

Inhalation involves contraction of the ?

A

Diaphragm

External intercostals

Which increase volume of the thorax

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27
Q

For _____ the volume of the lungs decreases due to ______, the pressure of the gas in the lungs will increase above atmospheric pressure and force the gases out of the lungs

A

Exhalation

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28
Q

While in _______, exhalation does not involve any muscle contraction

A

Eupnea or quiet breathing

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29
Q

During forced exhalation or hypernea the _______ contract to decrease the volume of the thoracic cavity even further to for even more air out

A

Internal intercostals and rectus abdominus contract

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30
Q

Intrapleural pressure is always lower than intrapulmonic pressure

A

If the pressure was higher than the lungs would collapse

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31
Q

What would happen if the intraplueral pressure were greater than intrapulmoinc pressure? What condition would cause this ?

A

Pneumothorax

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32
Q

This requires o2 to move from the atmosphere, across the alveoli, into the blood. It also requires CO2 to move out of the blood, across the alveoli, and into the atmosphere. This results in the conversion of deoxygenated blood into oxygenated blood.

A

External respiration

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33
Q

Each gas in a system will exert its own pressure as if all other gases were not present

A

Dalton’s law

34
Q

It results in the conversion of oxygenated blood into deoxygenated blood

A

Internal respiration

35
Q

The tissue lining initially in the nasal cavity

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

36
Q

It involves inhalation and exhalation. It does not involve any gases crossing the exchange surface and entering or leaving the blood stream

A

Pulmonary ventilation

37
Q

Basically, as volume increases, pressure decreases and vice versa. P and V have an inverse relationship. This means if one increases, the other must decrease.

A

Boyles law

38
Q

Is on the wall of the thoracic cavity

A

Parietal pleura

39
Q

Is on the organs

A

Visceral pleura

40
Q

Atmospheric pressure @ sea level is

A

760 mmHG

41
Q

During inhalation ______ will increase and _____ will decrease

A

Volume

Pressure

42
Q

External intercostals contract during

A

Inhalation/quiet respiration

43
Q

During _____ pressure will increase and volume will decrease

A

Exhalation

44
Q

Exhalation is active in

A

Hypernea

45
Q

As muscles relax, volume increases and pressure decrease inhale extra o2

Internal intercostals contract and ABS contract

A

Hypernea active respiration

46
Q

Is the fluid like substance that coats inside of alveoli helps keep open, provides surface tension, Prevents lungs from collapsing on itself.

A

Surfactant

47
Q

The pressure of each gas is called partial pressure.
The total pressure of the system is sum of all partial pressures of all gases in the system.
Basically, each gas in a system behaves as if it is the only gas in the system.

A

Dalton’s law of partial pressures

48
Q

Pressure outside the lung between the pleural membranes

A

Intraplueral pressure

49
Q

This requires o2 to move from the blood, across the capillary wall, and into IF or tissue. It also requires co2 to move out of the IF or tissue, across the capillary wall, and into the blood.

A

Internal respiration

50
Q

Made up of 4 protein subunits 2 alpha and 2 beta
Contains a molecule of heme that contains iron that carry one molecule of O2

A

Hemoglobin

51
Q

Is a pigment that appears deep red when bound to o2, and a deep blue when bound to co2

A

Heme

52
Q

Carbon dioxide is transported in 3 ways

A

7% is transported in dissolved plasma
23% is transported to hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin
70% transported in plasma as bicarbonate ions

53
Q

Formation of bicarbonate ions

A
  1. CO2 enters and RBC and an enzyme called carbonic anhydrase causes co2 and h2o to combine and form carbonic acid
  2. Carbonic acid dissociates H+ and HCO3. Hydrogen binds to Hb and is carried by it.
  3. A counter current exchange pump, pumps the bicarbonate ion out of the RBC into the plasma and pumps chloride ion into RBC. This process is called chloride shift.
54
Q

The basic respiratory rhythm is controlled by the respiratory center which is made up of autonomic centers in the

A

Medulla and pons

55
Q

Is in the medulla and is made up of two sub centers

A

Respiratory rhythmic center

56
Q

Respiratory rhythmic center is made up of two sub centers

A

Dorsal respiratory group

Ventral respiratory group

57
Q

An inspiratory center that stimulates the diaphragm and external intercostals to contract and cause inspiration

A

Dorsal respiratory group

58
Q

An expiratory center that is active only during forced exhalation

A

Ventral respiratory group

59
Q

The _____ functions during every cycle and sends axons through the phrenic nerve

A

DRG

60
Q

When active, the _____ stimulates the internal intercostals and rectus abdominus muscles to contract

A

VRG

61
Q

Is located in the pons and stimulates the DRG to cause inhalation

A

Apneustic center

62
Q

Is located in the pons and inhibits the DRG so that quiet exhalation occurs

A

Pneunotaxic center

63
Q

Mechanoreceptors respond to changes in volume and pressure during forced or active respiration Hypernea

A

Inflation reflex

Deflation reflex

64
Q

Prevents over-expansion of the lungs. As the volume of the lungs increases during extended inhalations Mechanoreceptors in the lungs and thoracic muscles send action potentials to inhibit the DRG stop inhalation and stimulate VRG begin exhalation

A

Inflation reflex

65
Q

Prevents the lungs from collapsing due to over deflation. As the volume of the lungs decrease Mechanoreceptors will send action potentials to inhibit the VRG stop exhalation and stimulate the DRG begin inhalation

A

Deflation reflex

66
Q

Involve coughing and sneezing which are responses to injury or irritation of the respiratory mucosae by pathogens and debris.

A

Protective reflexes

67
Q

The gas exchange surface is ?

A

The aveoli

68
Q

A bunch of alveolar sacs represent a

A

Lobule

69
Q

Several lobules make a

A

Lobe

70
Q

Several lobes will make a ?

A

Lung

71
Q

External intercostals contract
Diaphragm contracts
Inhalation active
Exhalation passive

A

Quiet respiration Eupnea

72
Q

Inter intercostals abdominal muscles contract
Inhale extra o2
Exhale active

A

Hypernea active respiration

73
Q

Active respiration Hypernea is under ?

A

Sympathetic control

74
Q

Pressure inside of the lungs

A

Intrapulmonic pressure

75
Q

No air is moving in or out

A

Intrapulmonic pressure

76
Q

The ability of a gas to dissolve in a solution

A

Solubility

77
Q

Oxygen is transported in two ways

A

3% transported in plasma

97% transported by hemoglobin

78
Q

Stimulates DRG

No more DRG

A

Apnuestic center

Pneumotaxic center

Pons

79
Q

DRG and VRG are both located in the ?

A

Medulla

80
Q

The apnuestic and pneumotaxic center are located where ?

A

Pons

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (12 decks)

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