Chapter 23 Respiratory System Flashcards by fermin chapa

Five functions of the respiratory system

Pulmonary ventilation
Provides large surface area for gas exchange
Protections secretions
Phonation
Sensations olfaction

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Structures of the upper respiratory system

External naris
Nasal cavity
Internal naris
Pharynx (nasopharnyx, oropharnyx, laryngealpharnyx)

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Structures of the lower respiratory tract

Trachea
Primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar duct
Alveoli

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The respiratory mucosa of the majority of the tract, from the trachea down to the terminal bronchioles, is lined with

Pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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In the ______ the lamina propia contains numerous mucus glands.

Upper respiratory tract

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In the _______ the lamina propia contains smooth muscle from the trachea to the terminal bronchioles

Lower respiratory tract

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What is the mucus escalator

Any debris that mucus pushes out of the respiratory tract
Requires secretion of mucus

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Membrane of the aveoli has ?

Simple squamous epithelium

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What is the function and epithelial lining of the nasopharnyx

Moves air and has pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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What is the function and epithelial lining of the oropharnyx

Moves air and food

Has stratified squamous epithelium

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What is the function and epithelial lining of larnygopharnyx

It moves air and food

Lining is pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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What is the function and epithelial lining of the trachea

It moves air

The lining is pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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Low oxygen

Hypoxia

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Without oxygen

Anoxia

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Hole in the wall of chest cavity

Pneumothorax

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Collapsed lung

Atelactasis

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True breathing quiet respiration

Eupnea

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Not breathing, temporary stoppage of breathing

Apnea

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Forced exhalation and rapid breathing rate (sympathetic activation)

Hypernea

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Ability of an organ to change shape to accommodate changes in volume

Compliance

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Movement of gases to and from the gas exchange surface

(From the atmosphere to aveoli and back out)

Pulmonary ventilation

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Exchange of gases between the atmosphere and our blood

External respiration

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Exchange of gases between the blood and tissues (interstitial fluid)

Internal respiration

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The pressure of a gas in a closed system is inversely proportional to the volume of the system

Boyles law

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For ______ the volume of the lungs increases, decreasing the pressure of the air in the lungs below atmospheric pressure.

Inhalation

Inhalation involves contraction of the ?

Diaphragm External intercostals Which increase volume of the thorax

For _____ the volume of the lungs decreases due to ______, the pressure of the gas in the lungs will increase above atmospheric pressure and force the gases out of the lungs

Exhalation

While in _______, exhalation does not involve any muscle contraction

Eupnea or quiet breathing

During forced exhalation or hypernea the _______ contract to decrease the volume of the thoracic cavity even further to for even more air out

Internal intercostals and rectus abdominus contract

Intrapleural pressure is always lower than intrapulmonic pressure

If the pressure was higher than the lungs would collapse

What would happen if the intraplueral pressure were greater than intrapulmoinc pressure? What condition would cause this ?

Pneumothorax

This requires o2 to move from the atmosphere, across the alveoli, into the blood. It also requires CO2 to move out of the blood, across the alveoli, and into the atmosphere. This results in the conversion of deoxygenated blood into oxygenated blood.

External respiration

Each gas in a system will exert its own pressure as if all other gases were not present

Dalton’s law

It results in the conversion of oxygenated blood into deoxygenated blood

Internal respiration

The tissue lining initially in the nasal cavity

Stratified squamous epithelium

It involves inhalation and exhalation. It does not involve any gases crossing the exchange surface and entering or leaving the blood stream

Pulmonary ventilation

Basically, as volume increases, pressure decreases and vice versa. P and V have an inverse relationship. This means if one increases, the other must decrease.

Boyles law

Is on the wall of the thoracic cavity

Parietal pleura

Is on the organs

Visceral pleura

Atmospheric pressure @ sea level is

760 mmHG

During inhalation ______ will increase and _____ will decrease

Volume Pressure

External intercostals contract during

Inhalation/quiet respiration

During _____ pressure will increase and volume will decrease

Exhalation

Exhalation is active in

Hypernea

As muscles relax, volume increases and pressure decrease inhale extra o2 Internal intercostals contract and ABS contract

Hypernea active respiration

Is the fluid like substance that coats inside of alveoli helps keep open, provides surface tension, Prevents lungs from collapsing on itself.

Surfactant

The pressure of each gas is called partial pressure. The total pressure of the system is sum of all partial pressures of all gases in the system. Basically, each gas in a system behaves as if it is the only gas in the system.

Dalton’s law of partial pressures

Pressure outside the lung between the pleural membranes

Intraplueral pressure

This requires o2 to move from the blood, across the capillary wall, and into IF or tissue. It also requires co2 to move out of the IF or tissue, across the capillary wall, and into the blood.

Internal respiration

Made up of 4 protein subunits 2 alpha and 2 beta Contains a molecule of heme that contains iron that carry one molecule of O2

Hemoglobin

Is a pigment that appears deep red when bound to o2, and a deep blue when bound to co2

Heme

Carbon dioxide is transported in 3 ways

7% is transported in dissolved plasma 23% is transported to hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin 70% transported in plasma as bicarbonate ions

Formation of bicarbonate ions

1. CO2 enters and RBC and an enzyme called carbonic anhydrase causes co2 and h2o to combine and form carbonic acid 2. Carbonic acid dissociates H+ and HCO3. Hydrogen binds to Hb and is carried by it. 3. A counter current exchange pump, pumps the bicarbonate ion out of the RBC into the plasma and pumps chloride ion into RBC. This process is called chloride shift.

The basic respiratory rhythm is controlled by the respiratory center which is made up of autonomic centers in the

Medulla and pons

Is in the medulla and is made up of two sub centers

Respiratory rhythmic center

Respiratory rhythmic center is made up of two sub centers

Dorsal respiratory group Ventral respiratory group

An inspiratory center that stimulates the diaphragm and external intercostals to contract and cause inspiration

Dorsal respiratory group

An expiratory center that is active only during forced exhalation

Ventral respiratory group

The _____ functions during every cycle and sends axons through the phrenic nerve

DRG

When active, the _____ stimulates the internal intercostals and rectus abdominus muscles to contract

VRG

Is located in the pons and stimulates the DRG to cause inhalation

Apneustic center

Is located in the pons and inhibits the DRG so that quiet exhalation occurs

Pneunotaxic center

Mechanoreceptors respond to changes in volume and pressure during forced or active respiration Hypernea

Inflation reflex Deflation reflex

Prevents over-expansion of the lungs. As the volume of the lungs increases during extended inhalations Mechanoreceptors in the lungs and thoracic muscles send action potentials to inhibit the DRG stop inhalation and stimulate VRG begin exhalation

Inflation reflex

Prevents the lungs from collapsing due to over deflation. As the volume of the lungs decrease Mechanoreceptors will send action potentials to inhibit the VRG stop exhalation and stimulate the DRG begin inhalation

Deflation reflex

Involve coughing and sneezing which are responses to injury or irritation of the respiratory mucosae by pathogens and debris.

Protective reflexes

The gas exchange surface is ?

The aveoli

A bunch of alveolar sacs represent a

Lobule

Several lobules make a

Lobe

Several lobes will make a ?

Lung

External intercostals contract Diaphragm contracts Inhalation active Exhalation passive

Quiet respiration Eupnea

Inter intercostals abdominal muscles contract Inhale extra o2 Exhale active

Hypernea active respiration

Active respiration Hypernea is under ?

Sympathetic control

Pressure inside of the lungs

Intrapulmonic pressure

No air is moving in or out

Intrapulmonic pressure

The ability of a gas to dissolve in a solution

Solubility

Oxygen is transported in two ways

3% transported in plasma 97% transported by hemoglobin

Stimulates DRG No more DRG

Apnuestic center Pneumotaxic center Pons

DRG and VRG are both located in the ?

Medulla

The apnuestic and pneumotaxic center are located where ?

Pons