Chapter 18 Flashcards
Maintenance of a constant and optimal internal environment
Homeostasis
A response to a stimulus that increases that stimulus
Ex. Labor contractions
Positive feedback
Is response to a stimulus that decreases the stimulus
Negative feedback
Secretions onto the external surfaces of the body
Ex. Mucus, saliva, digestive secretions, sweat, reproductive secretions
Exocrine secretions
Secretions Into surrounding interstitial fluid or bloodstream
Endocrine secretions
Any detectable change in the environment
Stimulus
Any substance released by a group of cells that has a tropic effect on a distant group of cells
Hormone
Any cell that has a receptor for that specific hormone
Target cells
A hormone in response to a stimulus can release a hormone into the blood stream an can target multiple cells, in multiple locations in various parts of the body at great distances and will bind to those target cells, the cells will with the appropriate target cells and they will give the appropriate response
Endocrine communication
Transmission to the next cell/cell to cell/ rapid response/ rapid decay
Synaptic communication
Communicate to distant cells at multiple targets
Slow response/mins, hours,days,weeks, months
Response lasts a long time (long duration)
Endocrine communication
Integral membrane proteins to which a hormone will bind
Membrane receptor
second messenger “G protein” this will initiate a cascade of enzymes that eventually enter a nucleus and turn the gene off or on.
Transduction cascade
Hormone passes through the cell membrane and binds to a receptor inside the cytoplasm of the target cell
Intracellular receptor
All intracellular and intranuclear receptors have to be ?
Derivatives of lipids or cholesterol
All hormones that have membrane receptors are derived from
Amino acids or proteins (peptide polypeptide)
If the hormone binds to a membrane receptor the hormone is a
Protein (polypeptide) or amino acid (peptide) derivative
The posterior pituitary is also called the ________ of the pituitary gland.
Neurohypophysis or pars nervosa
The two hormones of the posterior pituitary are ?
ADH anti diuretic hormone
OTC oxytocin
These two hormones are produced in the special nuclei of the hypothalamus. The neurons of the hypothalamus extend their axons into the posterior pituitary and elevate their hormones into the blood stream. The hypothalamus can detect a stimulus and then releases a hormone to correct a problem.
ADH and oxytocin
The anterior pituitary is also called the ________ because it acts like a gland.
Adenohypophysis
It controls the release of several other known hormones and is therefore called the master control gland.
Anterior pituitary gland
In this pathway, the ______ is the detecting organ. It cannot synthesize the hormones that corrects a change in homeostasis.
Hypothalamus
Adenohypophysis
Neuroendocrine reflex
Complex endocrine reflex
Post pituitary gland
Anterior pituitary gland
Too much T3 T4
Too little T3 T4 or not producing enough TSH
Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
Involves hypothalamus and posterior pituitary
Neuroendocrine reflex
(Not in brain) Endocrine organ (somewhere in the body) detects a stimulus releases a hormone into bloodstream binds to a target cell and gives a response
Simple endocrine reflex
The endocrine organ is a group of cells of a particular nucleus in the hypothalamus that detects a stimulus they send axons through the infundibulum through the posterior pituitary, the cells release the hormone at the posterior pituitary it travels through the blood stream binds to target cells and elicit a response
Neuroendocrine reflex
Some stimulus detected in the hypothalamus by a group of cells, that group of cells is going to release a hormone, that hormone is going to travel through the infundbilium and pop out of the bloodstream at the anterior pituitary, that hormone is going to bind to a second group of cells. They will release a second hormone that binds to target cells to elicit a response.
Complex endocrine pathway
Vasopressin
Antidiuretic hormone
T3
T4
You need iodine to make this hormone
Triiodothyronine has 3 iodines
Tetraiodothyronine has 4 iodines
Remain functional much longer, because when these hormones enter the blood stream, more than 99% of them become attached to special transport proteins
Thyroid hormones and steroid hormones
Thyroid have small glands called thyroid follicles filled with
Colloid, inside of the colloid is filled with t3 t4
Sits between the apples apple and manubrium
Thyroid gland
Most hormones that target intracelluar receptors are
Steroid and thyroid hormones
Can diffuse across the lipid part of the plasma membrane and bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus
Steroid hormones
The hypothalamus which contains both brain centers and endocrine tissue is found ______ to the Thalamus
Inferior
The hypothalamus is ______ to the pituitary gland
Superior
The ______ regulates the functions of both the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
When the sympathetic division is activated, the _______ releases the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood stream
Adrenal medulla
In fact, the hormones of the anterior lobe are sometimes called ______, because they turn on endocrine glands or support the functions of other organs
Tropic hormones
Stimulates the release of steroid hormones by the adrenal cortex
ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone
ACTH release occurs under the stimulation of ______ from the hypothalamus
Corticotropin CRH
The two gonadotropin are ?
Follicle stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone
Promotes follicle development in females, and, in combination with _______, stimulates the secretion of estrogens by ovarian cells
FSH and LH
Induces ovulation, it also promotes ovarian secretion of estrogens and progesterone, which prepares the body for pregnancy
Luteinizing hormone
In males, this gonadotropin stimulates the production of sex hormones by the interstitial cells of the testes. These male sex hormones are called_____.
LH
Androgens
Maturing follicle releases _____ target endometrium to thicken of lining engorge with blood
Estrogen
Follicular stimulating hormone targets
Ovarian follicles and seminefious tubules
The releasing hormone that releases FSH and LH
Gonadotropic releasing hormone GNRH
LH targets interstitial cells of testes which will then increase
Testosterone production
Testosterone secretion targets
Brain it causes aggression
Skeletal muscle = larger muscles, increase CT tissue
Seminiferous tubules increases sperm production
The remains of a follicle that release progesterone that targets endometrium to prevent menstration (yellow body)
Corpus Luteum
Low LH will stimulate the release of
GNRH
Process of converting glucose into glycogen
Glycogenesis
Conversion of glycogen back into glucose for energy production
Glycogenolysis
Conversion of sugar from adipose
Glyconeogenesis
Glucagon is an ______ to cortisol and cortisone
Agonist
Cells that Release glucagon
Cells that release insulin
Alpha
Beta
Increase BP/ secondary effect of ADH/ it constricts peripheral blood vessels
Vasopressin
- Synthesized in the Supra optic nucleus
- Synthesized in the paraventricular nucleus
- ADH
- OTC
Only two hormones released from posterior pituitary gland
OTC and ADH
- This reflex happens in the Posterior pituitary gland ?
- This reflex happens in the anterior pituitary gland ?
- Neuroendocrine reflex
- Complex endocrine reflex
Testosterone targets the brain, seminiferous tubules, and most CT tissues. The response testosterone has on these three are ?
Brain leads to aggressive behavior
Sem. Tubules increase sperm production
CT tissues growth and metabolism
Insulin dependent must inject insulin wbC kills beta cells
Type 1 diabetes
Non insulin dependent pancreas still secretes insulin, target cells down regulate insulin
Type 2 diabetes
Glucagon and cortisone/cortisol are ?
Agonists
Glucagon and cortisone/cortisol are antagonists to ?
Insulin
- Pumps calcium up
- Tones calcium down
- Stimulates RBC production
- Stimulate WBC production
- Parathyroid Hormone PTH
- Calcitonin
- Erythropoietin
- Thymosin
7 complex hormones of the anterior pituitary
GH
PCL
MSH
FSH
LH
Glucocorticoid = ACTH cortisol and cortisone
Thyroid = t3 T4
8 hormones that use simple endocrine reflex
Calcitonin
Glucagon
Insulin
Parathyroid hormone PTH
Melatonin
EPO
Thymosin
Aldosterone
Simple endocrine reflexes do not involve ?
Brain
Some sympathetic stimulus (stress, excercise, excitement) triggers our nervous system to fire sympathetic neurons directly through the spinal cord onto the adrenal medulla, causing cells of the adrenal medulla to release ________ directly into the blood stream for an immediate global sympathetic response.
Norepinephrine and epinephrine
Neuroendocrine reflexes involve the brain, mainly the
Hypothalamus and post pituitary gland
Because the neurons of the hypothalamus do not have direct access to capillaries, the neurons extend their axons through the ________ into the post pituitary gland
Infundibulum
Complex endocrine reflexes involve the
Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland
In most complex endocrine pathways the hypothalamus detects a stimulus. The hypothalamus then release a hormone into the ___________ (a special collection of blood vessels that connect the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland)
Hypothalamohypophyseal portal system
Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis
- Mineral corticoids = aldosterone
- Glucocorticoid = sugars
- Androgens = male sex hormones
Glucagon and insulin
Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
All are antagonists
ADH and OTC are synthesized in ?
Hypothalamus
Thyroid follicles secrete ?
Parafollicular cells secrete ?
Parathyroid glands secrete?
T3 and T4
calcium
PTH
Blood vessels connected to the Anterior pituitary gland
Hypothalamopophyseal portal system
Which hormone functions to retain water at kidneys and subsequently affected sodium concentrations ?
ADH
What are the exocrine and endocrine secretions of the pancreas
Alpha and beta cells
What is the function of oxytocin and prolactin ?
Oxytocin = milk let down
Prolactin = milk production
What is the role of adrenaline and how it’s controlled ?
When prolonged stress occurs, the adrenal medulla secretes Adrenalin that has a global effect
Adrenal cortex produces
Aldosterone
After ovulation the remains of the follicle is called ______ it secretes progesterone the response that prevents menstration
Corpus luteum
