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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Chapter 18 > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Flashcards

1
Q

Maintenance of a constant and optimal internal environment

A

Homeostasis

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2
Q

A response to a stimulus that increases that stimulus

Ex. Labor contractions

A

Positive feedback

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3
Q

Is response to a stimulus that decreases the stimulus

A

Negative feedback

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4
Q

Secretions onto the external surfaces of the body

Ex. Mucus, saliva, digestive secretions, sweat, reproductive secretions

A

Exocrine secretions

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5
Q

Secretions Into surrounding interstitial fluid or bloodstream

A

Endocrine secretions

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6
Q

Any detectable change in the environment

A

Stimulus

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7
Q

Any substance released by a group of cells that has a tropic effect on a distant group of cells

A

Hormone

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8
Q

Any cell that has a receptor for that specific hormone

A

Target cells

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9
Q

A hormone in response to a stimulus can release a hormone into the blood stream an can target multiple cells, in multiple locations in various parts of the body at great distances and will bind to those target cells, the cells will with the appropriate target cells and they will give the appropriate response

A

Endocrine communication

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10
Q

Transmission to the next cell/cell to cell/ rapid response/ rapid decay

A

Synaptic communication

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11
Q

Communicate to distant cells at multiple targets

Slow response/mins, hours,days,weeks, months

Response lasts a long time (long duration)

A

Endocrine communication

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12
Q

Integral membrane proteins to which a hormone will bind

A

Membrane receptor

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13
Q

second messenger “G protein” this will initiate a cascade of enzymes that eventually enter a nucleus and turn the gene off or on.

A

Transduction cascade

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14
Q

Hormone passes through the cell membrane and binds to a receptor inside the cytoplasm of the target cell

A

Intracellular receptor

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15
Q

All intracellular and intranuclear receptors have to be ?

A

Derivatives of lipids or cholesterol

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16
Q

All hormones that have membrane receptors are derived from

A

Amino acids or proteins (peptide polypeptide)

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17
Q

If the hormone binds to a membrane receptor the hormone is a

A

Protein (polypeptide) or amino acid (peptide) derivative

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18
Q

The posterior pituitary is also called the ________ of the pituitary gland.

A

Neurohypophysis or pars nervosa

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19
Q

The two hormones of the posterior pituitary are ?

A

ADH anti diuretic hormone

OTC oxytocin

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20
Q

These two hormones are produced in the special nuclei of the hypothalamus. The neurons of the hypothalamus extend their axons into the posterior pituitary and elevate their hormones into the blood stream. The hypothalamus can detect a stimulus and then releases a hormone to correct a problem.

A

ADH and oxytocin

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21
Q

The anterior pituitary is also called the ________ because it acts like a gland.

A

Adenohypophysis

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22
Q

It controls the release of several other known hormones and is therefore called the master control gland.

A

Anterior pituitary gland

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23
Q

In this pathway, the ______ is the detecting organ. It cannot synthesize the hormones that corrects a change in homeostasis.

A

Hypothalamus

Adenohypophysis

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24
Q

Neuroendocrine reflex

Complex endocrine reflex

A

Post pituitary gland

Anterior pituitary gland

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25
Q

Too much T3 T4

Too little T3 T4 or not producing enough TSH

A

Hyperthyroidism

Hypothyroidism

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26
Q

Involves hypothalamus and posterior pituitary

A

Neuroendocrine reflex

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27
Q

(Not in brain) Endocrine organ (somewhere in the body) detects a stimulus releases a hormone into bloodstream binds to a target cell and gives a response

A

Simple endocrine reflex

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28
Q

The endocrine organ is a group of cells of a particular nucleus in the hypothalamus that detects a stimulus they send axons through the infundibulum through the posterior pituitary, the cells release the hormone at the posterior pituitary it travels through the blood stream binds to target cells and elicit a response

A

Neuroendocrine reflex

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29
Q

Some stimulus detected in the hypothalamus by a group of cells, that group of cells is going to release a hormone, that hormone is going to travel through the infundbilium and pop out of the bloodstream at the anterior pituitary, that hormone is going to bind to a second group of cells. They will release a second hormone that binds to target cells to elicit a response.

A

Complex endocrine pathway

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30
Q

Vasopressin

A

Antidiuretic hormone

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31
Q

T3

T4

You need iodine to make this hormone

A

Triiodothyronine has 3 iodines

Tetraiodothyronine has 4 iodines

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32
Q

Remain functional much longer, because when these hormones enter the blood stream, more than 99% of them become attached to special transport proteins

A

Thyroid hormones and steroid hormones

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33
Q

Thyroid have small glands called thyroid follicles filled with

A

Colloid, inside of the colloid is filled with t3 t4

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34
Q

Sits between the apples apple and manubrium

A

Thyroid gland

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35
Q

Most hormones that target intracelluar receptors are

A

Steroid and thyroid hormones

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36
Q

Can diffuse across the lipid part of the plasma membrane and bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus

A

Steroid hormones

37
Q

The hypothalamus which contains both brain centers and endocrine tissue is found ______ to the Thalamus

A

Inferior

38
Q

The hypothalamus is ______ to the pituitary gland

A

Superior

39
Q

The ______ regulates the functions of both the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamus

40
Q

When the sympathetic division is activated, the _______ releases the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood stream

A

Adrenal medulla

41
Q

In fact, the hormones of the anterior lobe are sometimes called ______, because they turn on endocrine glands or support the functions of other organs

A

Tropic hormones

42
Q

Stimulates the release of steroid hormones by the adrenal cortex

A

ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone

43
Q

ACTH release occurs under the stimulation of ______ from the hypothalamus

A

Corticotropin CRH

44
Q

The two gonadotropin are ?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

Luteinizing hormone

45
Q

Promotes follicle development in females, and, in combination with _______, stimulates the secretion of estrogens by ovarian cells

A

FSH and LH

46
Q

Induces ovulation, it also promotes ovarian secretion of estrogens and progesterone, which prepares the body for pregnancy

A

Luteinizing hormone

47
Q

In males, this gonadotropin stimulates the production of sex hormones by the interstitial cells of the testes. These male sex hormones are called_____.

A

LH

Androgens

48
Q

Maturing follicle releases _____ target endometrium to thicken of lining engorge with blood

A

Estrogen

49
Q

Follicular stimulating hormone targets

A

Ovarian follicles and seminefious tubules

50
Q

The releasing hormone that releases FSH and LH

A

Gonadotropic releasing hormone GNRH

51
Q

LH targets interstitial cells of testes which will then increase

A

Testosterone production

52
Q

Testosterone secretion targets

A

Brain it causes aggression

Skeletal muscle = larger muscles, increase CT tissue

Seminiferous tubules increases sperm production

53
Q

The remains of a follicle that release progesterone that targets endometrium to prevent menstration (yellow body)

A

Corpus Luteum

54
Q

Low LH will stimulate the release of

A

GNRH

55
Q

Process of converting glucose into glycogen

A

Glycogenesis

56
Q

Conversion of glycogen back into glucose for energy production

A

Glycogenolysis

57
Q

Conversion of sugar from adipose

A

Glyconeogenesis

58
Q

Glucagon is an ______ to cortisol and cortisone

A

Agonist

59
Q

Cells that Release glucagon

Cells that release insulin

A

Alpha

Beta

60
Q

Increase BP/ secondary effect of ADH/ it constricts peripheral blood vessels

A

Vasopressin

61
Q
  1. Synthesized in the Supra optic nucleus
  2. Synthesized in the paraventricular nucleus
A
  1. ADH
  2. OTC
62
Q

Only two hormones released from posterior pituitary gland

A

OTC and ADH

63
Q
  1. This reflex happens in the Posterior pituitary gland ?
  2. This reflex happens in the anterior pituitary gland ?
A
  1. Neuroendocrine reflex
  2. Complex endocrine reflex
64
Q

Testosterone targets the brain, seminiferous tubules, and most CT tissues. The response testosterone has on these three are ?

A

Brain leads to aggressive behavior

Sem. Tubules increase sperm production

CT tissues growth and metabolism

65
Q

Insulin dependent must inject insulin wbC kills beta cells

A

Type 1 diabetes

66
Q

Non insulin dependent pancreas still secretes insulin, target cells down regulate insulin

A

Type 2 diabetes

67
Q

Glucagon and cortisone/cortisol are ?

A

Agonists

68
Q

Glucagon and cortisone/cortisol are antagonists to ?

A

Insulin

69
Q
  1. Pumps calcium up
  2. Tones calcium down
  3. Stimulates RBC production
  4. Stimulate WBC production
A
  1. Parathyroid Hormone PTH
  2. Calcitonin
  3. Erythropoietin
  4. Thymosin
70
Q

7 complex hormones of the anterior pituitary

A

GH
PCL
MSH
FSH
LH
Glucocorticoid = ACTH cortisol and cortisone
Thyroid = t3 T4

71
Q

8 hormones that use simple endocrine reflex

A

Calcitonin

Glucagon
Insulin
Parathyroid hormone PTH
Melatonin
EPO
Thymosin
Aldosterone

72
Q

Simple endocrine reflexes do not involve ?

A

Brain

73
Q

Some sympathetic stimulus (stress, excercise, excitement) triggers our nervous system to fire sympathetic neurons directly through the spinal cord onto the adrenal medulla, causing cells of the adrenal medulla to release ________ directly into the blood stream for an immediate global sympathetic response.

A

Norepinephrine and epinephrine

74
Q

Neuroendocrine reflexes involve the brain, mainly the

A

Hypothalamus and post pituitary gland

75
Q

Because the neurons of the hypothalamus do not have direct access to capillaries, the neurons extend their axons through the ________ into the post pituitary gland

A

Infundibulum

76
Q

Complex endocrine reflexes involve the

A

Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland

77
Q

In most complex endocrine pathways the hypothalamus detects a stimulus. The hypothalamus then release a hormone into the ___________ (a special collection of blood vessels that connect the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland)

A

Hypothalamohypophyseal portal system

78
Q

Zona glomerulosa

Zona fasciculata

Zona reticularis

A
  1. Mineral corticoids = aldosterone
  2. Glucocorticoid = sugars
  3. Androgens = male sex hormones
79
Q

Glucagon and insulin

Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin

A

All are antagonists

80
Q

ADH and OTC are synthesized in ?

A

Hypothalamus

81
Q

Thyroid follicles secrete ?

Parafollicular cells secrete ?

Parathyroid glands secrete?

A

T3 and T4

calcium

PTH

82
Q

Blood vessels connected to the Anterior pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamopophyseal portal system

83
Q

Which hormone functions to retain water at kidneys and subsequently affected sodium concentrations ?

A

ADH

84
Q

What are the exocrine and endocrine secretions of the pancreas

A

Alpha and beta cells

85
Q

What is the function of oxytocin and prolactin ?

A

Oxytocin = milk let down

Prolactin = milk production

86
Q

What is the role of adrenaline and how it’s controlled ?

A

When prolonged stress occurs, the adrenal medulla secretes Adrenalin that has a global effect

87
Q

Adrenal cortex produces

A

Aldosterone

88
Q

After ovulation the remains of the follicle is called ______ it secretes progesterone the response that prevents menstration

A

Corpus luteum

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (12 decks)

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