Chapt 17 The Special Senses Flashcards
Is the sense of smell
Olfaction
Are located in olfactory organs in the nasal cavities
Olfactory receptors
Each olfactory organ consists of olfactory epithelium with __________
Olfactory bowman glands
Covers the cribiform form plate and the roof of the nasal cavities
Olfactory epithelium
The olfactory epithelium contain _______ that can divide by mitosis and differentiate into support cells and then olfactory receptors, replacing old, dying receptor cells.
basal cells (stem cells)
Is the oldest sense to evolve and is present in some form in some of the most primitive living organisms
Olfaction
Olfaction is so important that our ____ has a surface area near that of the entire skin
Olfactory epithelium
These glands secrete mucus to protect the epithelium
Bowman’s glands
Olfactory transduction
- Ordarant dissolve through olfactory mucus and bind to ordarant protein
- Activate ordorant binding protein can activate 1000 ADC
- Each ADC can convert ATP to CAMP
- Camp binds to ion channel and set off action potential
- This creates a signal in olfactory nerve
Located in membrane of a receptor cell
They are integral membrane proteins
Ordarant binding protein
ADC turns aTP into
Camp
Inbetween cribiform plate and the olfactory epithelium
Lamina propia
Functions of olfactory mucus
Protects tissue from drying out
Trap and wash away debris
Traps and dissolves ordorants
Olfactory epithelium contains
Olfactory receptors cells
Goblet cells
Basal cells
Support cells
Cilia
Located in membrane of the receptor
Ordorant binding protein
What is the advantage to having this complex signal pathway ?
It amplifies the signal 1 ordorant to 1 million channels to open
Why does the olfactory pathway cause emotional responses to ordorants
It is tied to the limbic system
How is olfactory sensitivity affected by age
As we age our sense of smell declines
Is the sense of taste and involves receptor organs called taste buds
Gustation
These taste buds are located within the bumps on the surface of the tongue called
Papillae
A _______ contains gustatory receptor cells that detect chemicals from the external environment
Taste bud
The sense of _____ is approximately 1000x more sensitive when linked with the sense of olfaction
Taste
The ______ innervates the touch and taste sensations of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue, and the ________ carries sensations from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
Facial nerve cranial nerve VII
Glossopharyngeal cranial nerve lX
Zero taste buds
Detects textures
Filiform papillae
Few taste buds
Least sensitivity
Fungiform papillae
Most papillae
Most sensitivity
Circumvallate papillae
4 major taste sensations
Sweet (sugars)
Salt ( salt /ions )
Sour (sour)
Bitter (acids)
Peppery
h2o
Umami
Proteins where gustatory molecules will bind
Gustatory binding proteins
Detects presence of sugars
Sweet
Presence of ions
Salts
Presence of sour things
Sour
Detects presence of acids
Bitter
Cranial nerve in front of tongue
Cranial nerve in the back of tongue
Cranial nerve 7 facial nerve
Cranial nerve 9 glossopharnygeal
Enzyme in tears mucus and saliva that have anti microbial properties
Lysozyme
Red bump on eye lid forms when an oil gland becomes blocked
Chalazion
Bacterial infection involving one or more of the small glands near the base of eye lashes
Sty
Can breakdown and digest waste
Lysozyme
Ocular conjunctiva folds to the back of the eyelid
Palpebral conjuctiva
Prevents debris from getting behind the eye/ touching the eyeball
Ocular conjcutiva
Pink eye irritation to the surface of the eye
Conjunctivitis
Is conjunctivitis contagious
Only when with the presence of microbes and pathogens
Dense connective tissue/ shape and support/ light reflected back out
White of the eye
Strong point of attachment for extraocular muscles.
Sclera
Translucent/ allows photons of light to enter the front of eye
Cornea
Fibrous tunic
Sclera
Cornea
Vascular tunic
Choroid coat
Ciliary body
Iris
Blood vessels/ blood flow into the eye to supply nutrients; o2, ions, and removes waste/ back out the eye
Choroid coat
What is the Ciliary body ?
Ciliary muscle controls the lens for accommodation (focusing)
Suspended ligaments = suspend the lens for accommodation
Lens change shape to focus on different distances
Change shape to focus light from different distances
Lens
Is made out of elastic fibers allow ____ to change shape
Lens
Pigmented of vascular tunic; Is a muscular structure that controls the amount of light entering the posterior cavity
Iris muscle
Increase the size of pupil (radial muscle) pull away from pupil
Does this under certain conditions: dark room/sympathetic stimulation
Pupillary dilator
Anular/sphincter lies posterior to the dilator muscle decrease the size of pupil in brightness or under parasympathetic control
Papillary constrictor
List the structures in order, through which the aqueous humor would flow after being secreted by the ciliary body
- Secreted at the ciliary muscle
- Flows through posterior chamber
- Thru the pupil
- Flows in anterior chamber
- Reabsorbed @canal of Schlemm
How does the intraoculuar pressure remain constant
Constantly secrete and reabsorbed the aqueous humor at the same rate.
This provides a constant fluid pressure we call ICP
ICP maintains the shape of eye, holds the retina in place.
Increase in intraocular pressure/ debris in the canal of schlemm
Glaucoma
Hairlike papillae and they are located near the tip of the tongue; slender and narrow.
Filiform papillae
Located in the back of the tongue
Circumvallate papillae
The front of the tongue has the highest concentration of
Sweet receptors
On the sides of the tongue have the highest concentration of
Salt receptors
The _____ receptors of the tongue are located after the salt receptors
Sour receptors
Detect the presence of protein (amino acid glutamate)
Umami
located in the back of tongue
Located at the very back of the tongue
H20
Protein called _________ really likes to bind to sweet receptors
Capsaicin
where the sclera and cornea meet
Limbus
Is called the tear gland
Lacrimal gland
One of the functions of tears is
Keep the eyes moist
Wash away debris
Contain an enzyme called lysozyme
Opening in the eye lids, tears are gonna run over the eyeball and drain into the
Lacrimal punctum
List the order of the structures through which tears would flow once secreted from lacrimal gland
- Lacrimal gland
- Lacrimal ducts
- Lacrimal punctum
- Lacrimal canal
- Lacrimal sac
- Nasal lacrimal duct
Then reabsorbed into nasal passages
A very thin layer membrane that coats the visible outer surface of the eye, it’s a simple layer of squamous epithelium
Ocular conjunctiva
3 tunics of the eye
Fibrous tunic = dense CT
Vascular tunic = blood vessels
Neural tunic = layer with the neurons
Suspend lens
Suspended ligaments
The eye has two spaces: it includes the space between the Iris and the ciliary body and the space between the Iris and the cornea and are connected through the pupil
Anterior cavity
Everything behind the ciliary body
Posterior cavity
The area between the cornea and the Iris is callled
Anterior chamber
The area between the Iris and the ciliary body is called
Posterior chamber of the anterior cavity
The posterior cavity is sometimes called
It is filled with vitreous humor
Vitreous cavity
The fluid that fills the the anterior cavity
The fluid that fills the posterior cavity
Aqueous humor
Vitreous humor
What are lens fibers and crystallins ?
- Are the special type of cells that make up the lens (elasticity) (lens)
- Are proteins that fill those cells that fill that light (crystallins)
Have neuronal replacement
Gustation and olfaction
