chp. 9 vocab

Question 1

acetyl

Answer 1

when entering mitochondria by active transport pyruvate is converted to acetyl Coenzyme A. pyruvates carboxyl group released as CO2, then the remainder of carboxyl group (2 carbons) get oxidized making acetate. Which is later attached to CoA making the acetyl group (link reaction)

Question 2

ATP synthase

Answer 2

the enzyme that makes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate

Question 3

chemiosmosis

Answer 3

energy coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to do cellular work

Question 4

facultative anaerobe

Answer 4

makes enough ATP to survive using fermentation or respiration

Question 5

NAD+

Answer 5

(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) electron carrier, coenzyme. traps electron from glucose and other organic molecules by dehydrogenase removing pair of H atom from substrate (ex: glucose) which oxidizes it

Question 6

oxidizing agent

Answer 6

an electron acceptor oxidizes another substance by taking its electron (oxygen oxidizes other things)

Question 7

aerobic respiration

Answer 7

oxygen consumed as reactant with the organic fuel (oxygen used). ATP synthesis with the use of oxygen

Question 8

anaerobic respiration

Answer 8

harvests chemical energy without using oxygen. ATP synthesis without the use of oxygen

Question 9

citric acid cycle

Answer 9

occurs in mitochondria(eukaryotic) or cytosol(prokaryotic), completes break down of glucose by oxidizing a subset of pyruvate to CO2

Question 10

fermentation

Answer 10

catabolic process, degredation of sugars without oxygen

Question 11

obligate anaerobe

Answer 11

organisms that carry out only fermentation or anaerobic respiration

Question 12

reducing agent

Answer 12

electron donor reduces a substance which donates an electron (makes the molecule or other less positive)

Question 13

alcohol fermentation

Answer 13

NAD+ replenished to continue glycolysis. Pyruvate converted into acetaldehyde by releasing CO2, which is later reduced to ethanol with the addition of NADH(+2 H) (reduction)

Question 14

catabolic pathway

Answer 14

the breakdown of molecules to release energy from bonds

Question 15

cytochrome

Answer 15

proteins whose prosthetic groups (heme group), have iron atom that accepts/donates electrons in electron transport chain

Question 16

glycolysis

Answer 16

occurs in cytosol, starts degredation process by breaking glucose into 2 molecules of a compound (pyruvate)

Question 17

oxidation

Answer 17

when a substances loses and electrons and becomes more positive

Question 18

reduction

Answer 18

when a substance gains an electron so it becomes more negative

Question 19

anabolic pathway

Answer 19

makes bonds which stores energy through chemical reactions

Question 20

cellular respiration

Answer 20

anaerobic or aerobic respiration, a series of chemical reactions that breaks down glucose into ATP

Question 21

electron transport chain

Answer 21

breaks fall of electrons to oxygen into many steps, electrons get transferred between cytochromes until it reaches oxygen

Question 22

lactic acid fermentation

Answer 22

NAD+ replenished to continue glycolysis. Pyruvate converted straight into lactate with the addition of NADH(+2 H) (reduction)

Question 23

oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 23

made up of the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. Where the oxygen made from the other phases is used to make ATP

Question 24

substrate-level phosphorylation

Answer 24

where small amounts of ATP made with a few reactions of glycolysis and citric acid cycle