chp. 5 vocab Flashcards
alpha helix
delicate coil held together by hydrogen bonding between every 4th amino acid, in the secondary structure
catalyst
chemical agents that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed by the reaction
cholesterol
a type of steroid that’s a common component of animal cell membranes which help regulate the mebrane’s fluidity
disaccharide
consists of 2 monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages
glycosidic linkage
a covalent bond formed between 2 monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction
monomer
smaller molecules that are the repeating units that are building blocks of a polymer
peptide bond
when a carboxyl group of one amino acid is by another amino acid’s amino group they can join together through a dehydration reaction to bond together
primary structure
unique sequence of amino acids in a protein
quaternary structure
the overall protein structure that results from 2 or more polypeptides chains grouping into a functional macromolecule
starch
what plants store for sugar, polymer of glucose monomers. Has an alpha 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic linkages that make them very strong
amino acid
organic molecules with carboxyl group (COOH) and amino group (NH2). Has an R group that differs with each 20 different amino acid
cellulose
a polysaccharide that is a big part of the plant’s strong cell’s wall. Has a beta l-4 glycosidic linkage which make long fibers that give the plant wall strength
collagen
a fibrous protein(shaped like long fibers) that has helix shaped subunits intertwined into a larger triple helix giving the long fibers great strength
disulfide bridge
covalent bonds that reinforce the shape of proteins in the tertiary structure
hydrolysis
process that reverses the dehydration process, breaks bond between monomers with addition of water molecules
monosaccharaide
have some multiple unit of CH2O, glucose most common, major nutrient for cells
phospholipid
essential for cells because makeup cell membrane; type of lipid; has 2 fatty acids attached to the glycerol
protein
depended on for most dynamic functions in organisms; made of amino acids and consist of 1 or more polypeptides
ribonucleic acid
RNA, gets directed by DNA on the code to make proteins
steroid
what hormones are characterized as when have a carbon structure with 4 fused rings
beta pleated sheet
2 or more regions of polypeptide chain lying side by side are connected by hydrogen bonds part of 2 parallel polypeptide backbones, in the secondary structure
chaperonin
protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of other proteins
dehydration reaction
how monomers are covalently bonded to each other through loss of water molecules
enzyme
helps facilitate dehydration process, are specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions in the body
lipid
don’t mix well with water, and aren’t large enough to be a macromolecule
nucleic acid
compounds that include both DNA and RNA which allows organisms to reproduce their complex components from generation to generation. Are macromolecules that exist as polymers called polynucleotides
polypeptide
polymer of amino acids (many amino acids make polypeptides and many polypeptides make proteins)
purine
larger 6 membered ring fused with a 5 membered ring (adenine and guanine)
saturated fatty acid
no double bonds with as many hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbon skeleton as possible (saturated with hydrogen)
tertiary structure
overall shape of polypeptide resulting from interactions between side chains (R groups) of the amino acid
carbohydrate
sugars and polymers of sugars, simplest carbs are monosaccharides(simple sugars)
chitin
carbs used by anthropoids(spiders, insects,etc.) and fungi to build their exoskeleton
deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA, gives directions for own replication, directs RNA synthesis, controls protein synthesis through RNA. genetic material that organisms inherit from parents
gene
a unit of inheritance that programs the structure of amino acids in polypeptides
MessengerRNA
mRNA, each gene along DNA molecule directs synthesis of mRNA which interacts with cells to direct making of proteins
nucleotide
monomer of polynucleotides, made of a phosphate group, nitrogen base, and a 5-carbon sugar
polysaccharide
macromolecules, polymers with many monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages
pyrimidine
6 membered rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms (cytosine and thymine, and uracil with RNA)
secondary structure
repeated coils and folds of a protein’s polypeptides are the results of hydrogen bonds between repeating components of the polypeptide backbone
unsaturated fatty acid
has 1 or more double bonds formed by removal of hydrogen atoms from the carbon skeleton; will have a kink in the chain where the double bond is
