chp. 5 vocab Flashcards

1
Q

alpha helix

A

delicate coil held together by hydrogen bonding between every 4th amino acid, in the secondary structure

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2
Q

catalyst

A

chemical agents that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed by the reaction

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3
Q

cholesterol

A

common component of animal cell membranes, also what other steroids are made of

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4
Q

disaccharide

A

consists of 2 monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages

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5
Q

glycosidic linkage

A

a covalent bond formed between 2 monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

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6
Q

monomer

A

smaller molecules that are the repeating units that are building blocks of a polymer

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7
Q

peptide bond

A

when a carboxyl group of one amino acid is by another amino acid’s amino group they can join together through a dehydration reaction to bond together

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8
Q

primary structure

A

unique sequence of amino acids in a protein

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9
Q

quaternary structure

A

the overall protein structure that results from 2 or more polypeptides chains grouping into a functional macromolecule

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10
Q

starch

A

what plants store for sugar, polymer of glucose monomers. Has an alpha 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic linkages that make them very strong

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11
Q

amino acid

A

organic molecules with carboxyl group (COOH) and amino group (NH2). Has an R group that differs with each 20 different amino acid

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12
Q

cellulose

A

a polysaccharide that is a big part of the plant’s strong cell’s wall. Has a beta l-4 glycosidic linkage that gives it a long fibers that give the plant wall strength

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13
Q

collagen

A

a fibrous protein(shaped like long fibers) that has helix shaped subunits intertwined into a larger triple helix giving the long fibers great strength

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14
Q

disulfide bridge

A

covalent bonds that reinforce the shape of proteins in the tertiary structure

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15
Q

hydrolysis

A

process that reverses the dehydration process, breaks bond between monomers with addition of water molecules

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16
Q

monosaccharaide

A

have some multiple unit of CH2O, glucose most common, major nutrient for cells

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17
Q

phospholipid

A

essential for cells because makeup cell membrane; type of lipid; has 2 fatty acids attached to the glycerol

18
Q

protein

A

depended on for most dynamic functions in organisms; made of amino acids and consist of 1 or more polypeptides

19
Q

ribonucleic acid

A

RNA, gets directed by DNA on the code to make proteins

20
Q

steroid

A

what hormones are characterized as when have a carbon structure with 4 fused rings

21
Q

beta pleated sheet

A

2 or more regions of polypeptide chain lying side by side are connected by hydrogen bonds part of 2 parallel polypeptide backbones, in the secondary structure

22
Q

chaperonin

A

protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of other proteins

23
Q

dehydration reaction

A

how monomers are covalently bonded to each other through loss of water molecules

24
Q

enzyme

A

helps facilitate dehydration process, are specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions in the body

25
Q

lipid

A

don’t mix well with water, and aren’t large enough to be a macromolecule

26
Q

nucleic acid

A

compounds that include both DNA and RNA which allows organisms to reproduce their complex components from generation to generation. Are macromolecules that exist as polymers called polynucleotides

27
Q

polypeptide

A

polymer of amino acids (many amino acids make polypeptides and many polypeptides make proteins)

28
Q

purine

A

larger 6 membered ring fused with a 5 membered ring (adenine and guanine)

29
Q

saturated fatty acid

A

no double bonds with as many hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbon skeleton as possible (saturated with hydrogen)

30
Q

tertiary structure

A

overall shape of polypeptide resulting from interactions between side chains (R groups) of the amino acid

31
Q

carbohydrate

A

sugars and polymers of sugars, simplest carbs are monosaccharides(simple sugars)

32
Q

chitin

A

carbs used by anthropoids(spiders, insects,etc.) and fungi to build their exoskeleton

33
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid

A

DNA, gives directions for own replication, directs RNA synthesis, controls protein synthesis through RNA. genetic material that organisms inherit from parents

34
Q

gene

A

a unit of inheritance that programs the structure of amino acids in polypeptides

35
Q

MessengerRNA

A

mRNA, each gene along DNA molecule directs synthesis of mRNA which interacts with cells to direct making of proteins

36
Q

nucleotide

A

monomer of polynucleotides, made of a phosphate group, nitrogen base, and a 5-carbon sugar

37
Q

polysaccharide

A

macromolecules, polymers with many monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages

38
Q

pyrimidine

A

6 membered rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms (cytosine and thymine, and uracil with RNA)

39
Q

secondary structure

A

repeated coils and folds of a protein’s polypeptides are the results of hydrogen bonds between repeating components of the polypeptide backbone

40
Q

unsaturated fatty acid

A

has 1 or more double bonds formed by removal of hydrogen atoms from the carbon skeleton; will have a kink in the chain where the double bond is