chp. 8 vocab Flashcards
activation energy
the energy needed for reactant molecules to contort so bonds can break
anabolic pathway
use energy to build complicated molecules from monomers
chemical energy
potential energy available for release in chemical reactions, energy stored in bonds (complex molecules about to break down high in chem energy)
cooperativity
mechanism which amplifies response of enzymes to substrates (one substrate gets enzyme ready to accept another substrate)
entropy
measure of randomness, loss of usable energy during transformation/transfer
feedback inhibition
a metabolic pathway switched off (when ATP allosterically inhibits an enzyme in ATP pathway) due to the end product inhibiting enzyme that acts earlier in pathway
kinetic energy
relative motion of objects
phosphorylated
transfer of phosphate group from ATP to another molecule( the molecule gaining the phosphate is called phosphorylated)
substrate
reactant an enzyme acts on
active site
region that enzyme bonds to its specific molecule (sucrase->sucrose)
bioenergetics
study of how energy flows through living organisms
coenzyme
organic molecules bound to an enzyme to help in catalytic reactions (activator)
endergonic reaction
absorbs free energy from surroundings, stores free energy in molecules(nonspontanous)(uses energy)
enzyme
protein that acts as a catalyst (chemical agent that speeds up reactions without being consumed by it)
free energy
portion of a system’s energy that can be used to perform work (available energy)
metabolic pathway
starts with specific molecule, then altered in steps resulting in a product
potential energy
an object not presently moving may still possess energy bc of location and structure of molecules/atoms
thermodynamics
study of energy transformation(system and surroundings)
ATP
made of ribose, adenine, and chain of 3 phosphates, powers metabolism in body
catabolic pathway
degredative process, break down molecules to monomers; energy not required
cofactor
nonprotein, inorganic helpers in catalytic activities (activator)
energy
capacity to cause change, needed to survive, w/o energy living things die
enzyme-substrate complex
when enzyme bonds to its substrate; joined enzyme converts substrate to product
heat
(thermal energy) kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms/molecules
metabolism
sum of the chemical reactions that take place in the body
1st law of thermodynamics
energy can be transferred or transformed(converted) but never created or destroyed
allosteric regulation
protein function at 1 site affected by binding of regulatory molecule at another site (causes inhibition or stimulation of enzyme activity)
catalyst
a chemical agent that helps speed up processes without getting absorbed by the reaction
competitive inhibitor
mimic normal substrate molecules, slows productivity of enzyme bc blocks entry of substrate to active site
energy coupling
occurs when the energy produced by one reaction or system is used to drive another reaction or system
exergonic reaction
happens with net release of free energy bc a chemical reaction loses free energy (spontaneous)(release of energy)
induced fit
interactions between enzyme’s R groups that allow enzymes to fit perfectly in active site
noncompetitive inhibitor
binds to other part of enzyme, causes molecule to change shape which makes active site less efficient at catalyzing
2nd law of thermodynamics
energy transfer increases the entropy (randomness/disorder) of a system/universe
