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chp 5 book Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three things tissues are classified on?

A 
structure of cells
composition of extracellular matrix
function of cells
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2
Q

What are the major tissue types

A

epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of epithelium

A 
mostly cells and not much matrix
covers body surfaces and forms glands
free lateral and basal surface
basement membrane
avascular
capable of regeneration
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4
Q

What is the basement membrane

A

extracellular material formed by secretions from epithelial and connective tissue cells

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5
Q

What is the purpose of basement membrane

A

attach epithelial cells to underlying tissues
guide cell migration for cell repair
filter

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6
Q

What is the function of epithelial tissues

A

barrier, diffusion, filtration, secretion, absorption, protection.

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7
Q

What do microvilli do?

A

increase surface area for absorption or secretion.

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8
Q

What is purpose of cilia

A

move materials across cell surface.

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9
Q

what does pseudostratified mean?

A

appears to be stratified, but all cells attached to basement membrane.

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10
Q

Where are simple squamous epithelium found?

A

lining of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, alveoli of lungs

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11
Q

Where are simple cuboidal epithelium found?

A

some with microvilli in kidney tubules and some line terminal bronchoiles of lungs

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12
Q

Where are simple columnar epithelium found

A

GI tract, microvilli, lungs, cilia.

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13
Q

Where are stratified squamos epithelium found

A

mouth, throat, esophagus.

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14
Q

Where is stratifued cuboidal epithelium found

A

sweat gland ducts

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15
Q

Where is stratified columnar epithelium found

A

mamary gland duct, larynx, urethra

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16
Q

where is pseudostratified columnar found

A

nasal sinuses, bronchi of lungs, mucus

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17
Q

Where are transitional epithelium found

A

urinary bladder, ureters.

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18
Q

What are the functions of cell connections

A

bind cells together.
holds cells together and forms permeable layer
intercellular communication

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19
Q

What are two types of glands

A

endocrine- no ducts

exocrine - ducts

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20
Q

What are the four ways glands are classified by structure.

A

simple
compound
tubular
acinar

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21
Q

acinar

A

saclike structures

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22
Q

What are the three types of glands by method of secretion

A

merocrine
apocrine
holocrine

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23
Q

What is merocrine

A

secretion with no loss of cellular material

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24
Q

What is apocrine

A

fragments in secretions. cell pinches off

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25
Q

What is holocrine

A

whole cell is part of secretion.

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26
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue

A 
enclose organs
connect tissues
support and movement
storage
insulation
transport
protect
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27
Q

Wat do blasts do?

A

create matrix

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28
Q

What do cytes do?

A

maintain matrix

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29
Q

What do clasts do?

A

break down from remodeling

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30
Q

What are types of connective tissue

A 
adipose tissue
mast cells
white blood cells
maceophages
mesenchyme
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31
Q

what are two types of macrophages

A

wandering

fixed

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32
Q

What are 3 major components of extracellular matrix

A

protein fibers
ground substance
fluids

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33
Q

What are the three types of protein fibers

A

collagen
reticular
elastic

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34
Q

what do reticular fibers do

A

form branching network. fill spaces between tissues and organs.

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35
Q

what makes up extracellular matrix

A

protein fibers
ground substance
fliud

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36
Q

what is function of loose connective tissue

A

attaches skin to underlying cells

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37
Q

what are two types of adipose tissues

A

yellow

brown

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38
Q

what is purpose of reticular tissue

A

provide super structure for lymphatic and hemopoetic tissues

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39
Q

what are characteristics of cartilage

A

firmest structure in body except bone
avascular
perichondrium
chondrocytes

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40
Q

What is perichondrium

A

dense irregular connective tissues that surronds nearly all cartilage

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41
Q

Chondrocytes

A

cartilage cells surronded by matrix and located in spaces called lacunea.

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42
Q

what are three types of cartilage

A

hyaline
fibrocartilage
elastic

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43
Q

where is hyaline cartilage found

A

rib cage, trachea, bronchi

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44
Q

what is purpose of hyaline cartilage

A

growth in lenght of bones

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45
Q

wher eif fibrocartilage found

A

areas of pressure on joints

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46
Q

where is elastic cartilage found

A

ears

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47
Q

what are two types of bone

A

cancelous

compact

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48
Q

where is cancelous bone found

A

skull, vertebrea, sternum, ends of long bones

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49
Q

what is compact bone

A

concentric layers around a central canal

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50
Q

what does hemopoetic tissue do?

A

form blood cells.

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51
Q

what are types of bone marrow

A

red

yellow

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52
Q

what are characteristics of muscle tissue

A

contracts or shortens with force

moves the body, pumps blood

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53
Q

what are three types of muscle tissue

A

skeltal
cardiac
smooth

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54
Q

what do neurons do

A

produce actin potentials

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55
Q

what are three parts of nerves tissue

A

cell body
axons
dendrite

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56
Q

what is axons function

A

cell process conducts impulses away from cell body

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57
Q

what is dendrites function

A

cell process receive impulses from other nuerons

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58
Q

what are three types of nervous tissue

A

multipolar, bipolar,pseudo-unipolar

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59
Q

what is purpose of neuroglia

A

suport cells of brain, spinal cord and nerves

nourish, protect and insulate neurons

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60
Q

what are purpose of mucous membranes

A

line cavities that open to outside

secrete mucus

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61
Q

what is purpose of serous membranes

A

line cavities not open to outside

release serous fluid that protects internal organs from friction.

62
Q

what is purpose of synovial membrane

A

lines movable joints

produces fuild rich in hyaluronic acid.

63
Q

what is major functions of integumentary system

A

protection- reduce harmful ultraviolet light
sensation- detect cold, pressure, pain
temperature regulation- modulation of blood flows through skin
vitamin D production- important regulator of calcuim hometostasis
excretion- small amount excreted through skin and glands

64
Q

Wat is skin made of

A

epidermis and dermis

65
Q

What is the epidermis

A

superficial layer of skin, consisting of stratified squamous tissue

66
Q

What is purpose of epidermis

A

protect agaisnt abrasion

reduce water loss

67
Q

What is dermis

A

layer of connective tissue

68
Q

what is purpose of dermis

A

responsible for skin strenght

69
Q

what is subcutaneous tissue

A

layer of loose connective tissue

70
Q

what is purpose of subcutaneous tissue

A

connect skin to bone of muscle

71
Q

what is purpose of stratum corneum

A

provide strenght due to heratin within cells. prevent water loss due to lipids

72
Q

What is purpose of stratum lucidum

A

disperses keratohyalin around keratin fibers.

73
Q

what is purpose of stratum granulosome

A

lamellar bodies release lipids from cells.

74
Q

What is purpose of stratum spinosum

A

produce keratin fibers

75
Q

what is purpose of stratum basale

A

produces cells of most superficial strata. produce melanocytes

76
Q

what is dermis

A

connective tisue composed of two layers

77
Q

What is purpose of dermis

A

responsible for flexiability of skin, exchanges gases, nutrients, waste products.

78
Q

what is papillary layer

A

ppillae project toward epidermis, loose connective tissue.

79
Q

What is purpose of papillary layer

A

brings blood vessels close to epidermis. form fingerprints and footprints.

80
Q

what is characteristics of reticular layer

A

mat of collagen and elastic fibers
main fiberous layer of dermis
strong in many directions

81
Q

what is keratinocytes

A

gives epidermis ability to resist abrasion and reduce water loss.

82
Q

What is melanocytes

A

produce pigment melanin

83
Q

what is langerhan cells

A

part of immune system

84
Q

what is merkel cells

A

specialized epidermal cells associated with nerve ending resonsible for detecting light touch and superficial pressure.

85
Q

what is keratinization

A

keratinocytes move from deeper ayers to surface, cells change shape.
dead cels produce outer layer of hard cells that resist abrasion and form permeable layer.

86
Q

what are birthmarks

A

congential disorders of dermal capillaries

87
Q

what are ringworms

A

fungal infection producing patchy scaling and inflammatory response

88
Q

what is eczema

A

inflammatory condition of skin by allergy, infection and environemntal factors.

89
Q

what is psoriasis

A

chronic skin disease characterized by thicker than normal layer.

90
Q

what is vitiligo

A

development of patches of white skin where melanocytes are destroyed

91
Q

what is impetigo

A

small blisters contianing pus

92
Q

what is erysiprlsd

A

swollen patches in skin caused by bacterium

93
Q

what are decubitus ulcers

A

compression of tissue and reduced circulation result in destruction of skin, forming ulcers.

94
Q

what are rubeola

A

skin lesions. caused by virus contracted through respitory tract

95
Q

what is rubella

A

mild viral disease contracted through respitory tract

96
Q

what are the regions of epidermis

A

basale, spinosum, granulosom, lucidum, corneum.

97
Q

what is stratum basale

A

single layer of cubidol or columnar cells. epidermis anchored to base membrane by hemidesmosomes

98
Q

what is stratum spinosum

A

8-10 layers of many sides cells.

99
Q

what is stratum granulosum

A

2-5 layers of flattened, diamond shaped cells. long axes of cells oriented parralel to surface of skin.

100
Q

What is stratum lucidum

A

thin, clear zone. consists of several layers of dead keratinized with indistinct boundaries.

101
Q

what is stratum corneum

A

25 or more layers of dead, overlaping squamous cells joined by desmosomes.

102
Q

What are cornified cells

A

hard protein envelope, filled with protein keratin. responsible for structural strenght.

103
Q

where is thick skin found

A

areas subject to pressure or friction, such as hands, soles of feet and fingertips

104
Q

what are the factors determining skin color

A

pigments in skin, blood circulationg, thickness of corneum.

105
Q

what is melanin

A

group of pigments responsible from skin, hair and eyecolor.

106
Q

what are three types fo skin cancer

A

basal cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
melanoma

107
Q

what happens with basal cell carcinoma

A

open sores that bleed, reddish patches, pearly bumps, scarlike skin.

108
Q

what happens with squamous cell carcinoma

A

wartlike growth. elevated growth with central depression skin.

109
Q

what happens with melanoma

A

most deadly, developing in persisting moles

110
Q

whats albinism

A

recessive genetic trait that results from inability to produce tyrosinase. defeciency of pigment in skin, hair, or eyes.

111
Q

What erythema

A

condition in which skin turns reddish when amount of blood flowing through skin increases.

112
Q

whats carotene

A

yellow pigment found in plants.

113
Q

what components of nerve endings

A

free nerve endings for pain
hair follicle receptor for light touch
pacinin corpusles for deep pressure
ruffini end organs for sensing continous touch or pressure.

114
Q

what are two layers of dermis

A

superficial

reticular

115
Q

what is papillary tissue

A

connective tissue with thin fibers loosely arranged. contains blood vessels

116
Q

what is subcutanous tissues made up of

A

loose connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers.

117
Q

what are types of subcutaneous tissue

A

fibroblasts, adipocytes, macophage.s

118
Q

what are the three types of injections

A

intradermal- drawing skin taunt and inserting small needle at shallow angle
subcotaneous- oinching skin to form tent and inserting needle
intramuscular- long needles at 90 degrees

119
Q

unpigmented hair covering fetus.

120
Q

what are vellus hairs

A

short, fine, unpigmented, replace lunago hairs.

121
Q

what is medulla

A

central axis of hair, 2-3 layers of cells containing keratin.

122
Q

what is cortex

A

surronds medulla and forms bulk of hair

123
Q

what is cuticle

A

single layer cells containing keratin.

124
Q

hair follicle

A

tubelike invagination of epidermis extends into dermis.

125
Q

what happens during growth stage

A

hair lenght increases , differeientiat, keratinize, die

126
Q

what happens in resting stage

A

new hair forms to replace old hairs.

127
Q

What is alopecia areata

A

spot baldness, affect all areas of body.

128
Q

what is hair color a result of

A

melanin production

129
Q

what is arrector pilli

A

smooth mucsle cells, extend from dermal root sheath to papillary layer of dermis.

130
Q

what are the major glands

A

sebacceous and sweat glands

131
Q

what is sebum

A

oily, white substance rich in lipids

132
Q

dddwhat are eccrine sweat galnds

A

simple, coiled, tubular glands that open directly onto surface of skin through sweat pores

133
Q

whaere are apocrine glands found

A

axillea and genitelia and annus

134
Q

ear canal

A

where are ceruminous glands found

135
Q

earwax

A

what is cerumen

136
Q

thin plate consisting of layers of dead stratum corneum cells that contain very hard keritin.

A

what is a nail

137
Q

thickened region of stratuem corneum

A

hyponychium

138
Q

lunula

A

whitish , cresent shapedarea at base of the nail. grows and doesnt have a resting phase.

139
Q

what does contraction in arrector pilli cause

A

hair to stand on end

140
Q

what is vitamin d important for

A

regulation of calcium and phosphate homeostasis.

141
Q

what is the primary role of vitamin d

A

stimulate uptake of calcuim and phosphate from small intestine.

142
Q

what are some sources of vitamin d

A

liver, egg yolks, dairy products.

143
Q

what is calcitroil

A

hormone, that travels through blood, regulating calcium homeostasis.

144
Q

what are two factors leading to increases metabolism

A

restting of temp control center in brain to higher temp.

hormones released by endocrine system increasing cell metabolism.

145
Q

what is debridgement

A

removal of dead tissue from burn, prevent infection by cleaning the wound and removing tissue in which infection can develop.

146
Q

what is first degree burn

A

results in redness, pain and swelling. involves epidermis

147
Q

what is second degree burn

A

dermis layer. redness, pain, swelling, 2 week healing and scarring

148
Q

what is third degree burn

A

painless because sensory receptors destroyed.

tan brown black, regenerate only from the edges.

149
Q

why is skin easily damaged with age

A

epidermis thins and collagen decreases.

150
Q

what causes skin to sag

A

decrease in elastic fibers and loss of adipose tissue

151
Q

What is retin A

A

treats fine wrinkles on face.

A+P (8 decks)

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