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A+P > A+P 11-14 > Flashcards

A+P 11-14 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the nervous ssytem

A 
sensory input
integration
homeostasis
mental activity
control
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2
Q

what are the components of the nervous system

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors

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3
Q

What are the subdivisions of the nervous system

A

central- brian and spinal

peripheral- sensory receptors and nerves

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4
Q

what are sensory recepetors

A

ending sof hte neurons or specialized cells. detect pain, touch, pressure.

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5
Q

What is a nerve

A

bundle of axons + sheaths, connects CNS to sensory recpetors, muscles, and glands.

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6
Q

What are the two kinds of nerves

A

cranial and spinal

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7
Q

What is ganglion

A

neuron cell bodies outside CNS

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8
Q

What is plexus

A

axons outside CNS

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9
Q

how many pairs of cranial and spinal nerves are in the nervous system

A

12, 31

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10
Q

what are the divisions of the PNS

A

sensory- transmits action potentials from receptors to CNS

motor- transmit action potentials from CNS to effectors

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11
Q

what are the two divisions of the motor system

A

somatic

autonomic

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12
Q

what are the divisions of the autonomic system

A

sympathetic
parasympathetic
enteric

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13
Q

which systme is a single neuron

A

motor division of PNS

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14
Q

what is synapse

A

axons forming the junction of a neuron with another cell

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15
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

synapse between the neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber.

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16
Q

what is the two neuron system

A

autonomic nervous system

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17
Q

why is the autonomic system a two neuron system

A

CNS to ganglion and Ganglion to effector

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18
Q

What is a sympathetic system

A

most active during physcial activity

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19
Q

What is the parasynthetic system

A

regulates resting functions. such as digesting food

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20
Q

What is enteric

A

plexues in walls of digestive tract.

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21
Q

what is the organization of the nervous system

A

receptor- sensory NC- CNS- Motor NS- effector

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22
Q

What is purpose of the neurons

A

receive stimuli and transmit action potentials.

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23
Q

what is neuroglia

A

support and protect neurons

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24
Q

What is cell body

A

primary site of protein synthesis

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25
Q

What are dendrites

A

short, often highly branched.

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26
Q

What are dendritic spines

A

little protuberances where axons synapse with dendrite.

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27
Q

what is inital segment

A

beginning of axon

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28
Q

what is trigger zone

A

site where action potentials are generated.

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29
Q

what is axoplasm

A

like cytoplasm of the axon

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30
Q

what is axolemma

A

axons plasma membrane

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31
Q

what are the two forms of axonic transport

A

away from body

into the cell

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32
Q

how are neurons classified structurally

A

multipolar- many dendrites with a single axon
bipolar- one dendrite one axon
pseudounipolar- most sendory neurons. single process

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33
Q

how are neurons classified functionally

A

sensory
motor
interneurons

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34
Q

what are the 4 types of neuroglia of CNS

A

astrocytes
ependymal
microglia
oligodendrocytes

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35
Q

what are astrocytes

A

processes form feet- cover sruface of neurons and blood vessels

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36
Q

What do astrocytes promotes

A

formation of blood brain barrier

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37
Q

what determines what substances can pass from the blood into the nervous tissue of the brain and spinal cord

A

astrocytes

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38
Q

what do astrocytes allow exchange of

A

nutrients and waste products between neurons and blood

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39
Q

What do astrocytes prevent fluctuations in blood composition from affecting the brain

A

What do astrocytes regulate extracellular brain fluid composition.

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40
Q

where are ependymal cells

A

line brain ventricles and spinal cord central canal

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41
Q

what are choroid plexuses

A

secrete cerebrospinal fluid.

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42
Q

what are oligodendrocytes

A

form myelin sheaths if they surrond an axon many times.

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43
Q

what can single oligodendrocytes form

A

myelin sheaths around portions of several axons.

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44
Q

what are schwann cels

A

wrap many times around a portion of only one axon- forms myelin sheath

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45
Q

what does myelin do

A

protects and insulates axons from one another, speedis transmission of APs.

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46
Q

what are unmyelinated axons

A

not wrapped around the axon.

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47
Q

what is white matter

A

axons form bundles

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48
Q

what is grey matter

A

neuron cell bodies and their dendrites are grouped together with very little myelin

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49
Q

what is gray matter on the surface of the brain called

A

cortex

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50
Q

what are deeper clusters in the brain called

A

nuclei

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51
Q

what is cluster of neuron cell bodies

A

ganglion

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52
Q

what are satellite cells

A

surrond neuron cell bodies in sonsory ganglia.

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53
Q

what do satellite cells provide

A

support and nutrients to the nueron cell bodies.

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54
Q

what are action potentials

A

cells produce electrical signals.

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55
Q

what do electrical properties result from

A

ion concentration difference across plasma membrane

permeability of membrane to ions.

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56
Q

what is the ion concetration of cell due to

A

the Na/K pump

membrane permeability

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57
Q

what are 4 kinds of gated ion channels

A

ligand
voltage
touch
temperature

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58
Q

true

A

true or false

at rest, more K+ and Cl- are moving than Na+

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59
Q

where is K+ in higher concetration

A

inside the cell

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60
Q

how do ligand gated channels work

A

ligand binding to receptor protein.

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61
Q

how do voltage gated channels work

A

when cell is stimulated charge changes- voltage gate ion channels open or close

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62
Q

how do touch receptors work

A

mechanical stimulation of skin opens gates

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63
Q

how do temperature receptors work

A

temperature changes in skin opens gates

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64
Q

what is the resting membrane potential

A

number of charged ions inside=outside.

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65
Q

what is potential difference

A

electrical charge difference across the plasma membrane is -70 to -90 mV

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66
Q

what happens with the greater charge difference

A

greater potential difference

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67
Q

what happens if extracellular concetration of K+ increases

A

depolarization

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68
Q

what happens if extracellular ion concentration decreases

A

hyperpolarization.

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69
Q

what happens if you chane the concetration of Na+ inside or outside the cell

A

very little effect

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70
Q

what happens as Na+ diffuses in

A

depolarization

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71
Q

what are voltage gated Na+ channels sensitive to

A

Ca2+ concentration.

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72
Q

what is hypocalcemia

A

uncontrolled concentration of skeletal muscles

increases membrane permeability to Na+

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73
Q

what is a graded potential

A

a small change in the RMP confined toa small area of the plasma membrane

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74
Q

what do graded potentials result from

A 
ligand binding
changes in charge
mechanical stimulation
teperature changes
spontaneous chanfe permeability
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75
Q

whats ummate mean

A

add onto each other

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76
Q

when is a AP created

A

local potential reaches threshold

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77
Q

what are action potentials

A

permeability changes when a local potential causes depolarization of membrane.

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78
Q

what is all on none principle

A

if stimuli greater than threshold

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79
Q

what are the two phases of action potentials

A

depolarization

repolarization

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80
Q

what are the two parts of the refractory period.

A

absolute

relative

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81
Q

what is the absolute

A

beginning of action potential o near end of repolarization.

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82
Q

what is relative

A

a stronger than threshold stimulus can initiate another action potential.

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83
Q

what is action potential frequency

A

number of action potentials produced per unit of time to a stimulis.

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84
Q

what is supramaximal stimulis

A

stronger than maximal.

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85
Q

what is action potential propagation

A

AP at one site causes Ap at next location by stimulating voltage gated Na+ channels in adjacent regions of the membrane.

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86
Q

what is synapse

A

junction between two cells where they communicate with each other.

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87
Q

what are two types of synaptic cells

A

presynaptic cells

postsynaptic cells

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88
Q

what are connexons

A

protein tubes

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89
Q

where are electrical synapses found

A

cardiac and smooth muscle cells.

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90
Q

what does electrical synapses allow for

A

coordinated contractile activity among groups of cells.

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91
Q

what are synaptic vesicles

A

Ap causes Ca2+ to eneter cell.

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92
Q

what is postsynaptic membrane

A

ACh binds to ligand gated Na+ channels.

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93
Q

neurotransmitter substnaces are stored in vesicles located in specialized portions of the

A

axon

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94
Q

neuromodulators

A

substance released from neurons

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95
Q

neuromodulators

A

can influence the likelyhood that an AP in the presynaptic terminal will result in an AP in the postsynaptic cell.

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96
Q

excitory effects on the CNS

A

increase levels of NE in synaptic cleft.
increase release of norepinephrine from synaptic vesicles in presynaptic neuron.
decrease appetite, increase alertness
enhances ability to concentrate

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97
Q

what is used to treat depression

A

prozana and zoloft

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98
Q

axoaxonic synapses

A

axon of one neuron synapses with the presynaptic terminal of another.

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99
Q

presynaptic inhibition

A

reduction in amount of neurotransmitter released from presynaptic terminal

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100
Q

what is morphine

A

bind to endophin and enkephalin receptors in presynaptic neurons

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101
Q

what is presynaptic facilitation

A

increases neurotransmitter released from presynaptic terminal.

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102
Q

what does caffeine stimulate

A

release of glutamate in the brain.
blocks adenosine receptors and keeps adenosine from doing its job
promotes alertness

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103
Q

convergent pathways

A

many converge- synapse with smaller number of neurons

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104
Q

divergent pathways

A

smal number of presynaptic neurons synapse with large number of postsynaptic neurons

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105
Q

what are the segments of the spinal cord

A

cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral

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106
Q

what are the two enlargemnts of the spinal cord

A

cervical

lumbosacral

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107
Q

what is the conus medullaris

A

tapered inferior end

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108
Q

What is the cauda equina

A

orgin of spinal nerves

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109
Q

What is the filum terminale

A

anchors spinal cord to coccyx

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110
Q

what are meninges

A

connective tissue membranes

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111
Q

What are the layers of the meninges

A

dura matter
arachnoid matter
pia matter

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112
Q

what are denticulate ligaments

A

attach spinal cord to dura matter.

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113
Q

what are the sections between the spinal cord

A

epidural
subdural
subarachnoid

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114
Q

what is found in the epidural

A

blood, arealor CT, adipose, spinal nerve roots

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115
Q

what is in the subdural

A

serous fluid

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116
Q

What is in the subarachnoid

A

CSF, blood vessels, arachnoid

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117
Q

what is the anterior median fissure

A

deep cleft partially dividing left and right halves of spinal cord

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118
Q

what is a tract

A

a collection of axon inside the CNS

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119
Q

what is a nerve

A

a collection of axon outside the CNS

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120
Q

what is dorsal root ganglion

A

collections of cell bodies of pseudo unipolar sensory neurons

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121
Q

cell bodies for spinal sensory neurons are located in the

A

dorsal root ganglia

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122
Q

the spinal cord extends from the

A

medulla oblongata to the level of the 2nd lumbar vertebra

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123
Q

what is a reflex

A

an automatic response to a stimulis produced by a reflex arch

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124
Q

what is the basic functional unit of the nervous system

A

reflex arch

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125
Q

what are the two main kinds of reflexes

A

automatic and somatic

126
Q

what are autonomic reflexes

A

response to stimulis- without concious thought

127
Q

what are somatic reflexes

A

remove the body from painful stimuli or keep the body from falling.

128
Q

what are the components of the relfex arch

A

sensory neuron
interneuron
motor neuron
effector organ

129
Q

what are the three types of reflexes

A

stretch
golgi tendon
withdrawel

130
Q

what is the stretch reflex

A

muslces contract due to stretching force applied to them

131
Q

what is muscle spindle

A

specialized skeletal muscle fibers that respond to stretch

132
Q

what are gamma motor neurons

A

control sensitivity of muscle spindle

133
Q

what is the golgi tendon reflex

A

prevents contracting muscles from applying excessive tension to tendons
sudden relaxation of the muscles

134
Q

what are golgi tendon organs

A

encapsulated nerve ending located near the muscle tendon junction

135
Q

what is the withdrawel reflex

A

removes body limb from pain

136
Q

what is reciprical innervation

A

relaxation of extensor muscle when flexor contracts.

137
Q

what is a crossed extensor reflex

A

when a withdrawel reflex is iniated in one lower limb, the crossed extensor muscle causes extension of the opposite lower limb.

138
Q

what do desending tracts do

A

carry info from the brain to reflexes

139
Q

what do peripheral nerves consist of

A

axon bundles
schwann cells
connective tissue

140
Q

What is epineurium

A

entire nerve

141
Q

What is perineurium

A

axon groups form fasicles

142
Q

what are endoneurium

A

individual neurons

143
Q

what is the name of the covering that covers axon groups to make up fascicles

A

perineurium

144
Q

where do the spinal nerves exit from

A

the sacral foramina

145
Q

what are the sections of spinal nerves

A 
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
146
Q

what does dorsal ramus do

A 
innervate deep muscles of trunk
function in movement of the vertebral column and sensation of the skin near the middle of the back
147
Q

what does ventral ramus do

A

innervate intercoastal muscles and skin over thorax

148
Q

what does communucating rami do

A

carry axons associated with sympathetic division of the ANS

149
Q

damage to the dorsal ramus of the spinal nerve results in

A

loss of sensation and moss of motor function

150
Q

a collection of spinal nerves that join together after leaving the spinal cord is called a

A

plexus

151
Q

what does cervcal plexus innervate

A

superficial neck structures, skin of the neck, the posterior portion of the head.

152
Q

what is the ansa cervicalis

A

loop between C2 and C3

153
Q

what does phrenic nerve innervate

A

diaphragm

154
Q

what is brachial plexus

A

five ventral rami form three trunks that seperate into six divisions then form cords that give rise to branches

155
Q

what are the five branches

A 
axillary
radial
musculocutaneous
ulnar
median
156
Q

what laterally rotates the arm

A

teres minor

157
Q

what abducts the arm

A

deltoid

158
Q

what does radial nerve contain

A

movements at elbow and wrist. thumb movements

159
Q

what does musculocutaneous nerve control

A

movements of flexion at the shoulder, elbow and wrist. supination of the forearm and hand.

160
Q

what does ulnar nerve control

A

movements at wrist, fingers , most of intrinsic hand

161
Q

what is the most easily famged of all spinal nerves

A

ulnar nerve

162
Q

what does carpal tunnel come from

A

damage to median nerve

163
Q

what happens in carpal tunnel

A

tingling, burning, numbness in hand, fingers, and middle fingers.

164
Q

which nerve is involved when you hit your funny bone

A

ulnar

165
Q

which nerve is compressed in carpal tunnel syndrome

A

median

166
Q

what is the lumbosacral plexus

A

lumbar and sacral plexus

usually considered together because of close relationship

167
Q

what four major nerves exit and enter lower limb

A

obturator
femoral
tibial
common fibular

168
Q

what does the obturator nerve abduct

A

the thigh and knee

169
Q

what movements does the femoral nerve control

A

movements of hip and knee

170
Q

what does tibial nerve control

A

movement of hip, knee, foot, toes

171
Q

what does common fibular control

A

anteriro and lateral muscles of the leg and foot

172
Q

what nerve controls the adductor muscles of the thigh

A

obturator

173
Q

what does coccygeal plexus control

A

motor innervation to muscles of pelvic floor

174
Q

what is neuritis

A

inflammation of the nerve from a number of causes. can result in anesthesia

175
Q

what is neuralgia

A

nerve inflammation causing stabbing pain. caused by inflammation

176
Q

what is sciatica

A

pain radiating down back of thigh

177
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

results in fatigue and muscular weakness due to inadequate acetylcholine receptors

178
Q

what does polio destroy

A

virus destroys the anterior horn cells

179
Q

what are the parts of the brain

A

brainstem
cerebellum
diencephalon
cerebrum

180
Q

how many pairs of cranial nerves are in the brain

A

12

181
Q

what does brainstem do

A

connects the spinal cord to the cerebrum.

182
Q

what does oblongata do

A

pathway for ascending and descending nerve tracts

183
Q

what is pons

A

contains ascending and descending nerve tracts. relay between cerebrum and cerebellum.

184
Q

what is midbrain

A

contains ascending and descending nerve tracts. visual reflex center.

185
Q

what is reticular formation

A

scattered throughout brainstem. controls cyclic activities such as a the sleep wake cycle.

186
Q

what is cerebellum

A

control of muscle movement and tone. balance regulates extent of intentional movement

187
Q

what is thalamus

A

major sensory relay center. influences mood and movement

188
Q

what is subthalamus

A

contians nerve tracts and nuclei

189
Q

what is epithalamus

A

condition nuclei responding to olfactory stimulation and contains pineal body

190
Q

what is hypothalamus

A

major control center for maintaining homeostasis and regulating endocrine function.

191
Q

what is cerebrum

A

conscious perception, thought, and conscious motor activity

192
Q

what is basal nuclei

A

control of muscle activity and posture

193
Q

what is limbic system

A

autonomic response to smell, emotion, mood and other such functions.

194
Q

what is discrete nuclei

A

clusters of gray matter composed mostly of neuron cell bodies.

195
Q

what does medulla oblongata regulate

A

heart rate, blood vessel diameter, respiration, swallowing, vomiting, hiccups, coughing, sneezing.

196
Q

what is pyramids

A

descinding nerve tracts. inferior fibers decussate one half of brain control opposite side body

197
Q

what are olives

A

nuclei involved in functions such as balance, coordination, and mod. of sound

198
Q

what does the pontine do

A

relay info between cerebrum and cerebellum

199
Q

what does pons control

A

sleep center- iniate REM sleep

200
Q

what is tectum

A

four nuclei

201
Q

what is corpora quadrigemina

A

form mounds on dorsal surface of midbrain

202
Q

what is superior colliculi

A

relfex movements of the head, eyes, and body toward visual, auditory, or tactile stimuli

203
Q

what is inferior colliculu

A

auditory pathways

204
Q

what is a substantia nigra

A

a nuclear mass. pigmented. interconnected with other basal nuclei of cerebrum

205
Q

what are cerebral peduncles

A

descending tracts that carry mot. in from cerebrum to the brainstem and the spinal cord.

206
Q

what is reticular formation

A

group of nuclei scattered throughout the brainstem

controls cyclic activities

207
Q

what system of the brain stem is located in the other three portions of the brain stem

A

reticular

208
Q

how does cerebellum communicate with other parts of CNS

A

fiber tracts called cerebellar peduncles

209
Q

what are the three cerebellar peduncles

A

superior- midbrain
middle - pons
inferior- medulla oblongata

210
Q

what is cerebellum

A

gray cortex and nuclei with white matter tracts between

211
Q

what are folia

A

ridges

212
Q

what are arbor vitae

A

white matter.

213
Q

what are purkinji cells

A

largest in CNS. inhibitory neurons that receive 200,000 synapses

214
Q

how many neurons does cerebellar cortex

A

10^12

215
Q

what is cerbellar functions

A

flocculonodular lobe- balance and eye movements
vermis and medial portion of the lateral hemispheres. posture, fine motor coordination.
lateral hemispheres - major portion. works with cerebrum to plan, practice, learn complex movements

216
Q

the cerebellim communicates with other regions of the CNS through the

A

cerebellar peduncles

217
Q

thalamus

A

lateral portions connected by intermediate mass

218
Q

what is medial geniculate nucleus

A

auditory information

219
Q

what is lateral geniculate nucleus

A

visual inforamation

220
Q

what is ventral posterior nucleus

A

most other types sensory information

221
Q

what does thalamus influence

A

mood modification and emotional regulation of anger and rage. connected to limbic system

222
Q

what is involved in controlling motor functions

A

subthalamic nuclei

223
Q

what does pineal gland cause

A

hypothetically causes sleepiness, helps regulate biological clock, may play role in puberty onset

224
Q

what is habenular nucleus

A

responsible for emotional and visceral responses to odors.

225
Q

what are mammilary bodies

A

olfactory reflexes and emotional responses to odors

226
Q

what is infundibulum

A

a stalk that connects hypothalamus to posterior pituitary gland.

227
Q

what does hypothamalus control

A

endocrine system by regulating hormones released by pituitary glands

228
Q

what does hypothamamus receie input from

A

internal organs, taste receptors, limbic system, nipples, external genitalia

229
Q

what is hypothalamus important in

A

regulation of mood, emotion, sexual pleasure, satiation, rage, and fear.

230
Q

where does most sensory info synapse in the brain before going on to the cerebrum

A

thalamus

231
Q

what does longitudinal fissure divide

A

two hemispheres

232
Q

what does lateral fissure seperate

A

temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobes

233
Q

what does central sulcus divide

A

seperates frontal and parietal lobes.

234
Q

what is cerebral medulla

A

the white matter of the brain betweent he cortex and the nuclei. has tracts that connect areas of the cerebral cortex to each other and to other parts of the CNS.

235
Q

what is basal nuclei

A

gray matter within the medulla

236
Q

what is precentral gyrus

A

primary motor cortex

237
Q

what is postcentral gyrus

A

primary somatic sensory cortex

238
Q

what does frontal lobe control

A

voluntary motor function, motivation, mood, agression, personality, decision making, and sense of smell.

239
Q

what is pariental lobe do

A

reception and evaulation of sensory information.

240
Q

what does occipital lobe control

A

reception and integration of visual input

241
Q

what does temporal lobe control

A

reception and evauluation for smell and hearing. memory

242
Q

what does insula control

A

taste

243
Q

what are association fibers

A

connects areas of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere

244
Q

what is commissural fibers

A

connects one cerebral hemisphere to the other.

245
Q

what are projection fibers

A

connects the cerbrum to other parts of the brain and spinal cord.

246
Q

what is the name of the structure that allows the two cerebral hemispheres to communicate

A

corpus collosum

247
Q

where is basal ganglia found

A

cerevrum, diencephalon and midbrain

248
Q

what does limbic system control

A

basic survival functions

interprets sensory input and emotions in general

249
Q

what does limbic system contain

A

hippocampus
various nuclei of thalamus
parts of basla nuclei, hypothalamus, olfactory cortex.

250
Q

what is pia matter bound to

A

brain

251
Q

what are the connective tissue partitions

A

falx cerebri
tentorium cerebelli
falx cerebelli
venous sinuses

252
Q

what id falx cerebri

A

anchored to the crista gall of the ethmoid bone.

253
Q

where is tentorium cerebelli

A

between cerebellum and cerebrum

254
Q

where is falz cerebelli

A

between two cerebellar hemispheres

255
Q

where is venous sinuses

A

form were the two layers of dura are seperated.

256
Q

what is pia matter

A

thin delicate CT membrane- adhered to brain, follows contours.

257
Q

What is subarachnoid space

A

contians web like strands of arachnoid, blood vessesl, CSF

258
Q

what are four kinds of ventricles

A

lateral ventricles
third ventricles
interventricular foramina
fourth ventricle

259
Q

what are lateral ventricles seperated by

A

septa pellucida

260
Q

where is lateral venticles

A

within cerbral hemispheres

261
Q

where is third ventricle

A

within diencephalon

262
Q

where is interventricular foramina

A

join lateral ventricles with third

263
Q

where is fourth ventricle

A

continious with spinal cord, and connected to subarachnoid space by lateral and median apertures.

264
Q

what is cerebrospianl fluid

A

similar to blood serum with most of the protein removed.

265
Q

what does choroid plexus produce

A

CSF fills ventricles and bathes brain and spinal cord.

266
Q

What is choroid plexuses composed of

A

ependymal cells, their support tissue, and blood vessels.

267
Q

Where is cerbrospinal fluid located.

A

ventricles.

268
Q

where is most of the CSF produced and by what structure

A

choroid plexus, lateral ventricles.

269
Q

what is brains body weight

A

2%

270
Q

what is blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier

A

arteries in the brain tissue branch into capillaries

271
Q

what are capillaries made of

A

epithelial cells attached by tight junctions

272
Q

what are epithelial cells surronded by

A

astrocyte foot processes which promote tight junctions.

273
Q

what do tight junctions do

A

limit what ubstances can pass through the epithelial cells of capillaries.

274
Q

what needes mediated transport

A

water solube molecules.

275
Q

how do lipid soluble substances pass through brain barrier

A

diffusion

276
Q

what are functions of cranial nerves

A

sensory
somatic motor
parasympathetic

277
Q

what cranial nerve is involved in chewing food

A

trigeminal V

278
Q

what is trigeminal neuralgia

A

shooting electric pain

sudden onset

279
Q

what cranial nerve is involved in bells palsy

A

facial VII

280
Q

what cranial nerve is not involved in the sense of taste

A

hypoglossal

281
Q

what cranial nerves invlved in sense of taste

A

facial
glossopharyngeal
vagus

282
Q

what reflexes involve both cranial nerves and brainstem

A

turning eye toward sudden sound, touch, flashing lights

chewing- movement of tongue pushes food under tooth row.

283
Q

what is senses

A

brain receives information about environement and body

284
Q

what is senssation

A

consious awareness of stimuli received by sensory receptors

285
Q

what are steps to stimulation

A

stimuli from inside or outside body detected by sensory receptors converted into action potentials cerebral cortex of the CNS

286
Q

what are your two types of general senses

A

somatic- from outside the body, touch, pressure

visceral- internal organs. pain and pressure.

287
Q

What are your special senses

A

smell, sight, taste, hearing , balance

288
Q

sensory receptor

A

produces a receptor potential that releases a neurotransmitter. binds to receptors on post synaptic membrane.

289
Q

what is not a basic type of sense

A

good sense

290
Q

what are types od sensory receptors

A

mechanorecptors- compression, binding, stretching.
chemorecptors- chemicals attached to receptors
thermoreceptors- temp
photorecptors- light, vision
nociceptors- extreme mechanical, chemical, or thermal stimuli

291
Q

what are simpliest most common sensory receptor

A

free nerve endings

292
Q

what are free nerve ending responsible for

A

temp. detection respond to three types of sensation. cold, warm, pain

293
Q

what are merkel tactile disks

A

axonal branches end as flattened expansions

294
Q

what are hair follicle receptors

A

hair end organs
responds to slight bending of hair
sensation not very localized, yet it is very sensitive.

295
Q

which type of receptor responds to light touch and superfical pressure.

A

merkel disks.

296
Q

what are sensory areas

A

primary somatic sensory cortex- posterior to the central sulcis
taste area- inferior end of postcentral gyrus
olfactory cortex- inferior surface of frntal lobe
primary auditory cortex- superior part of temporal lobe
visual cortex- occipital lobe

297
Q

what is functions of brainstem

A

all ascending and descending pathways pass through

many reflexes important to survival heart rate, BP, respiration, sleep, swallowing

298
Q

reticular activating system

A

controls sleep/wake cycles

299
Q

RAS receives input from

A 
cranial nerves II
V
VIII
ascending touch sensory pathways
descending reurons from the cerbral cortex
300
Q

where is speech

A

normally in left erebral cortex

301
Q

what is wernickes area

A

sensory speech- understandin what is heard

302
Q

what brocas area

A

motor speech- sending messages to muscles to make sounds

303
Q

what does right cerebral cortex control

A

muscles and receives sensation from left side of body

304
Q

right controls

A

mathmatics and speech

305
Q

right controls

A

three dimensional or spatial perception, recognition of faces, musical ability

306
Q

what is short time memory

A

information retained for seconds to minutes

307
Q

what is short term memory

A

information retained for minutes to days. increased synaptic transmission of glumate.

308
Q

long term potentiation

A

neurotransmitter glumate isn presynaptic neuron increases and amount released into the synaptic increases.
glumate receptors on the postsynaptic membrane increases

309
Q

what are the two parts of long term memory

A

declarative memory- retention of facts
in hippocampus and amygdaloid
procedural - development of skills

310
Q

how to get info from short term memory to long term

A

emotion and moods
repitiion
association

311
Q

which of the below is not eh best way to store info into long term memory

A

reading over materail

A+P (8 decks)

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