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A+P > Chp 17-18 > Flashcards

Chp 17-18 Flashcards

1
Q

what are autocrine chemical messengers

A

released by cell- a local effect on same cell.

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2
Q

what are paracrine chemical messengers

A

act locally on nearby cells- released by one cell type into extracellular fluid - surrounds other cell types.

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3
Q

what are neurotransmitters

A

secreted by neurons- secreted by presynaptic nerve terminals. influences postsynaptic cells like other neurons, muscle cells, or glandular cells

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4
Q

what are endocrine chemical messengers

A

released by certian cells and endocrine glands –> bloodstream.

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5
Q

what are the classes of chemical messengers

A

autocrine
paracrine
neurotransmitters
endocrine

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6
Q

autocrine

A

secreted by cells in a local area. influences the activity of the same cell from which it was secreted.

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7
Q

paracrine

A

produced by a wide variety of tissues and secreted into extracellular fluid. has a localized effect on other tissues

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8
Q

neurotransmitter

A

produced by neurons. secreted into a synaptic cleft by presynaptic nerve terminals. travels short distance. influences postsynaptic cells

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9
Q

endocrine

A

secreted into the blood by specialized cells. travels some distance to target tissues. results in coordinated regulation of cell function

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10
Q

what is purpose of glands

A

secrete chemical signals into circulation

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11
Q

what does hormone act on

A

target tissues

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12
Q

what are characteristics of endocrine system

A

glands
hormone
regulate activities of body
ligands

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13
Q

what are some hormone characteristics

A

released in small quantities
transported some distance in the blood
they act on target tissues

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14
Q

what are some similarities between nervous and endocrine systems

A

both systems associated with hypothalamus
the same molecule may be used as a neurotransmitter by the NS or a hormone in the ES
two systems cooperate
nervous system secretes neurohormones into circulatory system
some parts of endocrine system innervated directly by nervous system

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15
Q

what is a neurohormone

A

oxytocin

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16
Q

what are some differences between the nervous and endocrine systems

A

mode of transport
speed of response
duration of response

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17
Q

what is the speed of response in the nervous

A

miliseconds

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18
Q

what is speed of response in endocrine

A

delayed seconds

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19
Q

what is duration of response in nervousq

A

milliseconds

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20
Q

what is duration of response in endocrine

A

minutes

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21
Q

what is amplitude vs frequency

A

strength of concentration vs frequency of AP

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22
Q

what are general characteristic of hormones

A

stability
communication
distribution

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23
Q

what is a halflife

A

time for half of the dose to be eliminated

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24
Q

what is a long half life

A

few days to a few weeks. usually lipid soluble

released at constant rate through time

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25
Q

what is short half life

A

water soluble hormones. rapid onset and short duration

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26
Q

what is communication in hormones

A

interaction with target cell to get a specific response.

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27
Q

what is distribution in hormones

A

hormones dissovle in blood plasma

distributed quickly

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28
Q

what are some water soluble hormones

A

protiens
peptides
amino acid derivatives

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29
Q

what are some patterns of hormone secretion

A

chronic
acute
episodic

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30
Q

what is chronic hormone secretion

A

maintence of relativiely constant concentration of hormone.

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31
Q

what is acute hormone secretion

A

epinephrine in stress

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32
Q

what is episodic hormone secretion

A

hormone regulation. female reproductive hormones

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33
Q

what are most hormones controlled by

A

negative feedback

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34
Q

what are 3 types of stimuli that regulate hormone release

A

humoral
neural
hormonal

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35
Q

what are some examples of autocrine

A

eicosanoids
prostaglandins
thromboxanes

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36
Q

what are some examples of paracrine

A

somatostatin, histamine, eicosanoids

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37
Q

What are some examples of neurotranmitters

A

acetylcholine, epinephrine

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38
Q

what are some examples of endocrine

A

thyroid hormines, growth hormone, insulin, epinephrine, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, prostaglandins.

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39
Q

what are some examples of lipid soluble hormones

A

steroids
amino acid derivative
fatty acid derivatives

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40
Q

What is the structure of steriods

A

testosterone, aldosterone

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41
Q

what is the structure of amino acid derivative

A

tyroid hormone

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42
Q

what is structure of fatty acid derivaties

A

prostaglandins

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43
Q

what are some examples of protiens

A

tyroid stimulating hormone, growth hormone

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44
Q

what are examples of peptides

A

insulin, thyrotropin releasing hormone

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45
Q

what is example of amino acid derivative

A

epinephrine

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46
Q

what is humoral stimuli

A

blood borne molecules that stimulates release of a hormone in response to the molecules concentration level in the blood.

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47
Q

what is neural stimuli

A

AP, neurons release a neurotranmitter into the synapse with the cells that produce the hormone.

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48
Q

what is hormonal stimuli

A

one endocrine gland hormone stimulates the secretion of another endocrine gland.

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49
Q

what is a neural stimuli in response to

A

exercise

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50
Q

what is the part of molecule where hormone binds

A

binding site or receptor site.

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51
Q

what can thyroid hormones not bind to

A

insulin receptors

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52
Q

what does changing the number of receptors ensure

A

an optimal target tissue response.

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53
Q

what are the two ways down regulation occurs

A

when the rate at which receptors are synthsized decreases in some cells after the cells are exposed to a hormone.
the combination of hormones and receptors can increase the rate at which receptor molecules are degraded.

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54
Q

how does the receptor number increase

A

increase in synthesis of receptors. thus increased sensitivty to the hormone

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55
Q

what is an example of up regulation

A

FSH stmulates an increase in receptor synthesis of LH receptors in ovary cells. Which ncreases ovary cell sensitivity to LH.

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56
Q

which is not a class of hormone receptor

A

plasma binding protein

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57
Q

what are two types of hormone receptors

A

membrane bound receptors

nuclear receptors

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58
Q

what do lipid soluble hormones bind to

A

nuclear receptors

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59
Q

what happens with nuclear receptors

A

lipid soluble pass through plasma membrane

react either with enzymes in the cytoplasm or with DNA regulates transciptions of genes in the target tissue.

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60
Q

what are examples of nuclear receptors

A

thyroid hormones, steroid hormones, testosterone, estrogen,

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61
Q

membrane receptors

A

integral proteins with receptor site at cell surface- hormones cant pass through membrane.

62
Q

what happens with membrane bound receptors

A

water soluble,
large molecular weight
a few smaller molecules

63
Q

what are hormone examples of lipid soluble

A 
steroid hormones
testosterone
estrogen
progesterone
aldosterone
cortisol
thyroid hormone
vitamin D
64
Q

what are some hormone examples of water soluble

A 
luteinizing hormone
follicle stimulating hormone
thyroid stimulating hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone
glucagon
oxytocin
calcitonin
parathyroid hormone
epinephrine
insulin
growth hormone
prolactin
65
Q

where are receptor proteins found

A

in cytoplasm or nucleus

66
Q

receptor hormone complex binds to hormone response element on the DNA transcription of mRNA in the nucleus takes place followed by translation in the cytoplasm at the ribosome.

A

..

67
Q

what is the latent period

A

need time to produce mRNA protein.

68
Q

how long does it take for target cells to produce a new protein

A

several hours.

69
Q

what are hormones that bind to membrane bound receptors

A

proteins, peptides, and some amino acid derivaties like epinephrine, and noropinephrine.

70
Q

what are two results when hormone binds to receptor protein

A

alter the activity of g proteins- that causes the production of the intracellular mediator
alter the activity of th intracellular enzymes.

71
Q

which is not a class of hormone receptor

A

plasma binding protein

72
Q

what can activated alpha subunits of the g protein alter

A

the activity of enzymes inside the cell

73
Q

what happens when glucagon binds to glucagon receptors

A

alpha subunit of the g protein binds to adenylate cyclase and activiates it.

74
Q

what does the increase in cAMP activate

A

protein kinase enzymes

75
Q

what does DAG regulate

A

protein kinases and those that synthesize protaglandins contraction of smooth muscle.

76
Q

what does IP3 cause increase of

A

Ca2+ in cytoplasm contraction of smooth muscle

77
Q

what does cGMP activate

A

enzymes that increase Na+ and water excretion by kidney

78
Q

what are some endocrine system functions

A 
metabolism and tissue maturation
ion regulation
water balance
immune system regulation
heart rate and blood pressure regulation
control of blood glucose and other nutriets
control of reproduction
uterine contractions and milk release
79
Q

what is the pituitary gland and hypothalamus

A

junction of nervous and endocrine systems

80
Q

how many hormones does pituitary secrete

A

nine

81
Q

what are two functions of pituitary

A

regulate body function

regulate secretions of other endocrine glands

82
Q

what does hypothalamus regulate

A

secretions of anterior pituitary

83
Q

what is function of anterior pituitary

A

secrete hormones

84
Q

what is another name for the anterior pituitary

A

adenohypophysis

85
Q

what is another name for posterior pituitary

A

neurohypophysis

86
Q

what is TRH

A

thyroid releasing hormone

87
Q

what is TSH

A

thyroid stimulating hormone

88
Q

What is CRH

A

corticotropin releasing hormone

89
Q

What is GnRH

A

gonadotropin releasing ormone. KH and FSH

90
Q

what is PRH

A

prolactin releasing hormone

91
Q

what are some releasing hormones

A

TRH
CRH
GnRH
PRH

92
Q

what does antidiuretic hormone do

A

prevents outputs of large amount of urine
promotes retention of water in kidney tubules with reduces urine volume
constricts blood vessels and raises blood pressure.

93
Q

what is osmoreeceptors

A

specialized neurons of hypothalamus that measures changes in concetrations of electrolytes and H2O

94
Q

what are baroreceptors

A

specialized neurons in the walls of the atria of the heart, carotid arteries, and the aortic arch. sense changes in blood pressure.

95
Q

what is the target tissue for ADH

A

kidney

96
Q

when ADH levels increase ho is urine volume affected

A

less urine is made

97
Q

when ADH levels increase how is blood volume affected

A

blood volume increases as more water is kept by the kidney

98
Q

what is diabetes insipidus

A

not enough ADH produces

usually from brian damage

99
Q

what does growth hormone do

A

increase uptake of amino acid protein synthesis
increase fat breakdown and stimulates synthesis of glucose by the liver which releases glucose in the blood.
increases tissue growth

100
Q

what does growth hormone regulate

A

growth, tissue maintenence, metabolism

101
Q

what happens as GH binds to adipose cells

A

incresses breakdown of lipids and decreases use of glucose as energy

102
Q

what is indirect effect of GH

A

increaes the production of somatomedins in the liver and skeleta; muscle.

103
Q

what are peak levels of Gh

A

during deep sleep

104
Q

what is dwarfism

A

chronic hyposecretion of GH

105
Q

what is hypersecretion of GH

A

giantism- before epiphysial growth plate closes

acromegaly0 after closure

106
Q

what is prolactin

A

milk production

107
Q

where does TRH come from

A

hypothalamus and throid hormone from the tyroid.

108
Q

Where is TSH from

A

anteriror pituitary thyroid gland synthesis.

109
Q

where is cortisol secreted from

A

adrenal cortex.

110
Q

where is aldosterone secreted from

A

adrenal cortex.

111
Q

what do lipotrophins do

A

bind to adipose cells to catabolize fat and release fatty acids into the cir system.

112
Q

what is addisons disease

A 
chronic adrenal insufficiency
adrenal cortex degenerates
loss of negative feedback on pituitary
excess ACTH secretion
weight loss, weakness, low blood pressure, arkening of skin.
113
Q

what molecule has the same effects as opiate drugs

A

endophin.

114
Q

what do LH and FSH promote

A

growth and function of the gonads. testes and ovaries.

115
Q

what is the thyroid gland

A

large endocrine gland. high vascular. iodine enters follicular cells by active transport

116
Q

what are follicles

A

small spheres with follicular cells surronding thyroglobin protein and large amounts of thyroid hormones.

117
Q

what are parafollicular cells

A

secrete calcitonon which helps regulate calcium concentration.

118
Q

what do follicular cells do

A

secrete thyroglobulin inside follicle. iodine attaches to tyrosine. the two tyrosines combine into curculation.

119
Q

what is congenital hypothyroidism

A

defeciencu of iodine or congenital erros in tyroid hormone synthesis
impairment of physical and mental growth
cretin not used much now.

120
Q

what is a hoiter

A

abnormal enlargemtn of the tyroid gland

121
Q

the major more potent form of tyroid hormone that interacts with target cells is

A

triiodothyronine.

122
Q

what condiditon produces elevated TSH secretion

A

iodine deficeincy
surgically removed thyroid
pituitary tumor

123
Q

what is calcitonin secretion triggered by

A

high Ca+2 concetration in blood.

124
Q

what is parathyroid gland

A

embredde din thyroid
tow glands on each side
secrete PTH
target tissues, bones, kidneys, intestines.
increase calcium in blood
stimulates osteoclasts
promotes calcium reabsorption by kidneys and PO4 excretion.

125
Q

what is causes of hypoparathyroidism

A

accidental removal during thyroidectomy.

126
Q

what are symptoms of hypoparathyroidism

A 
hypocalcemia
normal bone structure
increased neuromuscular excitability
raccid heart musslce, cardiac arrhythmia may develop
diarrhea
127
Q

what is adrenal gland composed of

A

inner medulla and outer cortex

128
Q

what id medullar formed from

A

neural crest cells

129
Q

what is cortex derived from

A

mesoderm

130
Q

what does epinephrine do

A

increase glucose in blood
oncrease fat breakdown
dilates skeletal and cardiac muscle blood vessels

131
Q

what does norepinephrine do

A

increae heart rate, force of contraction and BP. vasoconstriction.

132
Q

what are symptoms of pheochromocytoma

A 
elevated BP
elevates heart rate
pallor
nervous
increases chance of heart disease
133
Q

what are the five actions of epiephrine

A 
release glucose from liver
release FA from adipose
increases heart rate
decreases blood flow
increased blood flow to muscles.
134
Q

what does aldosterone do

A

increase rate of sodium reabsorption by kidneys. increases sodium levels in blood

135
Q

what does cortisol do

A

increases fat and protein breakdown and glucose synthesis. decreases inflammatory response.

136
Q

what are the metabolic effect of glucocorticoids

A

increases fat and protein breakdown for energy

increase glucose synthesis

137
Q

what are the anti inflammatory effect of glucocorticoids

A

antibody production, release of inflammatory chemicals, and WBC>

138
Q

what are alpha cells

A

glucagon

139
Q

what are beta cells

A

insulin

140
Q

what are delta cells

A

somatostatin

141
Q

what does insulin target

A

liver, adipose, muscle, satuety center.

142
Q

what does insulin do

A

increase uptake of glucose and amino acids by cells.

143
Q

what does glucagon target

A

liver

144
Q

what does glucagon cause

A

breakdown of glycogen and fats for energy

145
Q

what happens wht glucose levels are high

A

rapid uptake and storage of glucose, AA and fats.

146
Q

what happens when glucose levels are loq

A

glucose is released and a switch to fat and protein are sources of energy

147
Q

what does testosterone fdo

A

regulates production of sperm cells
development maintan male reproductive organs
secondary sex characteristics

148
Q

what does estrogen do

A

uterine and mammary gland development and function
external genitalia structure
secondary sex characteristics

149
Q

what does pineal gland produce

A

melatonin

150
Q

what is thymosin

A

development of the immune system

151
Q

what are paracrines

A

chemical mediators of inflammation released from injured cells.

152
Q

what are the efect of aging on the endocrine system

A

gradual decrease in secretory activity of some glands .
lower GH
melatonin
thyroid hormone
kidneys secrete less renin
tendency to develp type 2 diabetes and grow older.

A+P (8 decks)

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