Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A+P > chapter 4 book > Flashcards

chapter 4 book Flashcards

1
Q

what are tissues

A

collection of specialized cells and the extracellular substances surrounding them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how are body tissues classified into groups

A

structure of cells, composition of non-cellular substances, function of cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the four primary tissues

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how are epithelial and connective tissues classified

A

structure, cell shape, relationship of cell to another, composition of extracellular matrix.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how is muscle and nervous tissue classified

A

structure and functioning characteristics and location.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is histology

A

microscopic study of tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is biopsy

A

process of removing tissue samples from patients surgically or with a needle for diagnostic purposes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is an autopsy

A

examination of organs to determine the cause of death or to study the changes caused by disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the two layers of the embryonic stem cells

A

epiblast and hypoblast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the three embryonic germ layers

A

endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the endoderm

A

inner layer, forms lining of digestive tract and derivaties.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the mesoderm

A

middle layer, forms tissies such as muscle, bone, and blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the ectoderm

A

outer layer, forms the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the neuroectoderm

A

portion of ectoderm that becomes nervous system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is neural crest cells

A

groups of cells that break away from neuroectoderm during development, give rise to parts of periphal nerves, skin pigment, the medulla o adrenal gland and many tissues of face.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is epithelial tissue

A

covers and protects surfaces, both outside and inside body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are some common characteristics of epithelial tissue

A 
composed of cells
covers body surfaces
tissue surfaces
cell and matrix connections
nonvascular-diffusing across basement membrane
regeneration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what body surfaces does epithelial tissues cover

A

exterior, lining digestive and respitory tracts, heart and blood vessels, body cavities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what tissue surfaces does epithelial tissue cover

A

apicol surface, lateral, basal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the apicol surface

A

cells are exposed and not attached to other cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the lateral surface

A

cells attached to other epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the basal surface

A

base of tissue, attached to basement membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the basement membrane

A

specialized type of extracellular material secreted by epithelial and connective tissue cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is basement membranes important role

A

supporting and guiding cell migration during tissue repair.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are major functions of epithelial tissues

A 
protecting underlying structures
acting as barrier
permitting passage of substnaces
secreting substances
absorbing substances
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

how do epithelial tissues act as barriers

A

reduce water loss and prevent toxic molecules and microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what are the 4 types of epithelial tissues

A

simple epithelium
stratified epithelium
pseudo-stratified
transitional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is simple epithelium

A

single layer cells, extending basement to free surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is stratified epithelium

A

more layer cells, basal layer attach to basement membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is pseudostratified

A

special type of simple, one layer cell attached to basement membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is transitional

A

special type stratified, cell changes from cubical and columnar to squamous when stretched.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what are the three types of epithelium

A

squamous, cubidoil, columnar.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what are two types of stratified squamous epithelium

A

nonkeratinized- consists of living cells in both deepest and superficial layers
keratinized- living cells in deepest layer, dead containing keratin protein in superficial.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Where is keratinized found

A

skin, gums, hard palate of mouth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

where is nonkeratinized found

A

mouth, esophagus, rectum, vagina.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is transitional epithelium

A

lines urinary bladder, ureters, kidney and urethra. surface cells cuboid or columnar when not stretched, and squamous when stretched.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what is purpose of simple epithelium

A

covers internal organs, facilitates diffusion of gases on lungs, filters blood in kidneys, cellular products in glands, absorbs nutrients in intestines.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what is function of stratified epithelium

A

protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

where is stratified squamous found

A

in areas of body where abrasion can occur, such as skin, mouth, pharynx, esophagus, anus, vagina.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what is the shape of cells that filter

A

flat and thin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what is the shape of cells that secrete

A

cubiodal or columnar.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what are goblet cells

A

specialized columnar epithelial cells. responsible for synthesizing and secreting mucus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what are free surfaces

A

not in contact with other cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what are the types of free surfaces

A

smooth, microvilli, folded, cilia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what is microvilli

A

nonmotile, contain microfilaments, extensions of clll that increase surface area, occur in cells that absorb or secrete, such as serous membrane and lining of small intestine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what is a ground substance

A

gel mile mixture of nonfiberous molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what are the two major components of ground substance

A

hyaluronic and proteoglycans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what is hyaluronic acid

A

long, unbranched polysaccharide chain composed of repeating disaccharide units.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what is a proteoglycan

A

large molecule consist of protien core attached to many long polysaccharides called glycosaminoglycans.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what are adhesive molecules

A

ground substance hold proteoglycans aggregates together.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what is chondronectin

A

ground substance of cartilege

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what is fibronectin

A

ground substance of fiberous connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what are two major connective tissue

A

embryonic connective

mucous connective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

what is embryonic connective tissue

A

composed of fibrofblasts surronded by semifluid extracellular matrix containing delicate reticular fibers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

what is mucous connective tissue

A

umbilical cord, sim to that of mesenchyme, rich source of stem cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

what are the three types of adult connective tissue

A

connective tissue, fluid connective, supporting connective.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

what is loose connective tissue

A

consist of relatively few protein fibers that form lacy netweork with numerous spaces filled with ground substance and fluid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

what are 3 subdivisions of connective tissue

A

areoler, adipose, reticular.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

what is areoler tissue

A

loose packing material of most organs and tissues. attaches skin to underlying tissues. contains collegen, reticular, and elastic fibers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

what is adipose tissue

A

connective tissue with special properties- composed of large cells and small amount of extracellular matrix.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

what does adipose tissue function as

A

insulator and site of energy storage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

what are two types of adipose tissue

A

yellow

brown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

what is yellow adipose tissue

A

appears white at birth, turns yellow with age becuas accumulation of pigments, carotene, plant pigment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

what is brown adipose tissue

A

found in armpits, neck, kidneys.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

what is reticular tissue

A

form framework of lymphatic tissue. spleen. lymphocytes, bone marrow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

what is dense connective tissue

A

large number protein fibers, form thick bundles and fill extracellular space.

67
Q

what does dense regular collagenous connective tissue form

A

form tendons, ligaments.

68
Q

what is the general structure of tendons.

A

collagen fibers of ligaments often less compact.
some fibers not parallel
ligaments more flattened than tendons and form sheets and bands of tissues.

69
Q

what is dense regular elastic connective tissue

A

parallel bundles of collagen fibers and abundant elastic fibers.

70
Q

what is dense irregular connective tissue

A

contains protein fibers aranged as mashwork of randomly oriented fibers.

71
Q

what is irregular collagenous connective tissue

A

forms dermis, surronds kidney and spleen.

72
Q

what is dense irregular elastic connective tissue

A

elastic arteries, layers of tissue contain abundant elastic fibers.

73
Q

what is cartilege

A

composed of cartilege cells with extensive and rigid matrix.

74
Q

what is perichondrium

A

dense tissue surronding the surface of cartilege.

75
Q

lacunae

A

spaces in whcih cartilege cells are located.

76
Q

what are the three types of cartilege

A

hyaline
fibro
elastic

77
Q

what is lyaline cartilege?

A

large amounts collogen fibers and proteoglycans. glassy translucient matrix when viewed trhough microscope
found where strong support and some flexiability. involved in growth that increases lenght of bones.

78
Q

what is fibro

A

thicker bundles collogan fibers, slightly compresable and tough

79
Q

where is fibro found

A

knee, jaw, vertebra

80
Q

what is purpose of fibro

A

absorb shock and prevent bone to bone abrasion

81
Q

what is elastic

A

found in areas that rigid but elastic properties.

82
Q

what is bone

A

hard connective tissue that consists of living cells and mineralized matrix.

83
Q

what is osteocytes

A

bone cells, located within holes in matrix.

84
Q

what are two types of bone

A

compact- no space between thin layers or lamellae

spongy

85
Q

what is blood

A

liquid matrix allos to flow rapidly through body, carry nutrients, oxygen, waste products.

86
Q

what is hemopoetic tissue

A

forms blood cells, found in bone marrow

87
Q

what are two types of bone marrow

A

red marrow- surronded by reticular fibers

yellow- yellow adipose tisse and not produce blood cells.

88
Q

what is stereocillia

A

specialized microvilli found primarily in sensory structures such as inner ear

89
Q

what is cilia

A

motile and contain microtubules, allow to move across free surface of cell.

90
Q

what are cell connections

A

mechanically bind cells together, help form permeable layer, provide mechanism fro intercellular communication.

91
Q

what are desmosomes

A

adhesive glycoproteins that bind cells together and intercellular proteins attached to intermediate filaments that extend tinto cytoplasm of cells.

92
Q

what are hemidesmosomes

A

similar to one half of e3, attach epithelial cells to the basement membrane.

93
Q

tight junctions

A

hold cells together and form permeable layer. formed by proteins in plasma membrane of adjacent cells that join one another to make a very tight seal.

94
Q

what does tight junction form

A

ring that surrounds cell and binds cells together to prevent passage of material between cells.

95
Q

where are tight junctions found

A

areas where layers of simple epithelium form permeable layer.

96
Q

what is adhesive belt

A

glycoproteins is found below tight junction, acts as weak glue that holds cells together.

97
Q

what is gap junction

A

small, specialized contact regio between cells containing protein channels that aid intercellular communication by allowing ions and small molecules to pass from one cell to another.

98
Q

what is intercalculated disks

A

contain gap junctions and desomes that help hold adjacent cells in close contact.

99
Q

what are glands

A

composed of epithelium, with supporting network of connective tissue. develop from infolding or outfolding of epithelium in embryo

100
Q

what exocrine glands

A

glands with ducts

101
Q

whats hormones

A

cellular products of endocrine products

102
Q

whats multicellular glands

A

exocrine glands composed of many cells

103
Q

whats goblet cells

A

unicellular glands that secrete mucus

104
Q

what are the types of multicellular glands

A

simple, compound, tubular, acinar, alveolar, tubuloacinar, tubuloalveolar

105
Q

what are the types of exocrine gland secretion

A

merocrine- involves release of secretory products by exocytosis used by water producing sweat glands
apocrine- involves release of secretory products as pinched off fragments of gland cells
holocrine- shedding of entire cells product accum in cytoplasm, cell ruptures and dies, entire cell is secreted.

106
Q

what are major functions of connective tissue

A 
enclosing and seperating tissue
connective tissue to another.
supporting and moving parts of body
storing compounds
cushioning
transporting
protecting
107
Q

what is a blast

creates matrix

A

creates matrix

108
Q

maintains matrix

A

what is a cytes

109
Q

what is a clasts

A

breakdown for remodeling

110
Q

what is adipocytes

A

adipose cells, cotain large amount of lipid
thin layer cytoplasm
abundants in loose connective tissue

111
Q

what is mast cells

A

released in response to injury, trauma and infection.

112
Q

what is white blood cells

A

move from blood vessel to connective tissue. increases with injury

113
Q

what is lymphocytes

A

common in connective tissue under epithelial lining of digestive tract.

114
Q

what is macrophages

A

large, phagocytic cells, derived from monocytes.

115
Q

what are 2 types of macropages

A

fixed, wandering

116
Q

what are platelets

A

fragments of hemopoietic cells containing enzymes and special proteins that function in clotting process.

117
Q

what are undifferentiated mesenchymal cells

A

adult stem cell, potential to form multiple cell types. fibroblasts or smooth muscle cells, response to injury

118
Q

what are three types of protien fibers

A

collagen, reticular, elastic.

119
Q

what are collagen fibers

A

strong and flexible, like microscopicropes but not very elastic.

120
Q

what is type 1 collagen

A

suited for tendons, ligaments, bone, skin, some flexiability

121
Q

what is type 2 collagen

A

cartilege

122
Q

what is type 3 collagen

A

reticular fibers

123
Q

whats reticular fibers

A

very short, thin fibers that branch to form netwrok.

124
Q

what are elastic fibers

A

protein has ability to return to origianl shape after stretched or compressed.

125
Q

what are three types muscle tissues

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscle.

126
Q

what is skeletal muscle.

A

located attached to bones. very long. cylindrical cells, moves body

127
Q

what is cardiac muscles

A

located in heart. cylindrical cells that branch, function provides major force for moving blood through blood vessels.

128
Q

what is smooth muscles

A

located in walls of hollow organs, blood vessels, eyes, glands, skin. spindle shaped. moves food through digestive tract, empties urinary bladder, regulates blood vessel diameter.

129
Q

what is nervous tissue

A

brain, spinal, cord, nerves, characterized by ability to conduct electrical signals, consists or neurons and glia.

130
Q

what is neurons

A

conduciting cells of tissue, transport electrical signals throughout body.

131
Q

what are the neuron components

A

cell body
dendrites
axon

132
Q

what is cell body

A

contains nucleus and site of general cell functions

133
Q

what is dendrites

A

receive action protentials, branches at ends

134
Q

what is axon

A

conducts actin potentials away from cell body, constant diameter along entire lenght.

135
Q

what are multipolar neurons

A

multiple dendrites and single axon

136
Q

what is bipolar neurons

A

single dendrite and axon

137
Q

what is pseudo unipolar neurons

A

single, short process extends from cell body and divides into two branches.

138
Q

what is gilia

A

support cells of brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves.

139
Q

what is mucous membrane

A

lines cavities and canals that open to outside of body.

140
Q

what is components of mucous membrane

A

epithelial cells, basement membrane, connective tissue, lamina.

141
Q

what is components of serous membrane

A

layer of squamous epithelium called mesothelium, basement membrane, delicate layer of connective tissue, do not contain glands.

142
Q

what is purpose of serous membrane

A

protect internal organs from friction, help hold in place, selectively permeable membrane.

143
Q

what is synovial membrane

A

line freely movable joints, made of connective tissue.

144
Q

what is synovial fluid

A

rich in hyaluronic acod.

145
Q

what is inflammation

A

response that occurs when tissues develop

146
Q

what is imflammatory response

A

defense mechanism that mobilizes bodys immune cells to isolate and destroy microorganisms and remove damaged cells.

147
Q

what are chemical mediators

A

stimulate pain receptors and increase permeability of blood vessels.

148
Q

what does edema do

A

increase pressure in tissue, stimulate neurons and cause pain.

149
Q

what is tissue repair

A

sub of viable cells for dead cells by regeneration or replacement

150
Q

what is regeneration

A

new cells are same type that have been destroyed.

151
Q

what is replacement

A

new type cell develops, which produces scar and causes loss of tissue function.

152
Q

what is labile cells

A

always divide, undifferiated cells in bone marrow, study turnover of new cells replacing old cells.

153
Q

where is labile cells found

A

skin, mucous membrane, lymphatic tissue.

154
Q

what is stable cells

A

connective tissues, liver, endocrone glands, capable of regeneration in response to injury.

155
Q

what is permanent cells

A

neurons, skeletal, cardiac muscle, not able to replicate response to injury

156
Q

what is primary union

A

if edges of wound close together. wound fills with blood and clot forms.

157
Q

what is secondary union

A

edges not close together, tissue loss extensive.

158
Q

what is fibrin

A

threadlike protein which binds edges of wound together.

159
Q

what is granulation tissue

A

delicate, granular appearing connective tissue that consist of fibroblasts, collagen, capillaries.

160
Q

what is carcinoma

A

cancer derived from epithelial tissue

161
Q

what is adencarcinomas

A

types of carsinomas derived from glandular epithelium

162
Q

what is sarcoma

A

rare type of cancer derived from mesodermal tissue.

163
Q

what does atherosclerosis results from

A

plaque forms in walls of blood vessels, which contain collagen fibers, lipids, calcium deposits.

A+P (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions