chapter 4 book Flashcards
what are tissues
collection of specialized cells and the extracellular substances surrounding them.
how are body tissues classified into groups
structure of cells, composition of non-cellular substances, function of cells.
what are the four primary tissues
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous.
how are epithelial and connective tissues classified
structure, cell shape, relationship of cell to another, composition of extracellular matrix.
how is muscle and nervous tissue classified
structure and functioning characteristics and location.
what is histology
microscopic study of tissues
what is biopsy
process of removing tissue samples from patients surgically or with a needle for diagnostic purposes.
what is an autopsy
examination of organs to determine the cause of death or to study the changes caused by disease.
what are the two layers of the embryonic stem cells
epiblast and hypoblast
what are the three embryonic germ layers
endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
what is the endoderm
inner layer, forms lining of digestive tract and derivaties.
what is the mesoderm
middle layer, forms tissies such as muscle, bone, and blood vessels
What is the ectoderm
outer layer, forms the skin
what is the neuroectoderm
portion of ectoderm that becomes nervous system.
what is neural crest cells
groups of cells that break away from neuroectoderm during development, give rise to parts of periphal nerves, skin pigment, the medulla o adrenal gland and many tissues of face.
what is epithelial tissue
covers and protects surfaces, both outside and inside body
What are some common characteristics of epithelial tissue
composed of cells covers body surfaces tissue surfaces cell and matrix connections nonvascular-diffusing across basement membrane regeneration
what body surfaces does epithelial tissues cover
exterior, lining digestive and respitory tracts, heart and blood vessels, body cavities.
what tissue surfaces does epithelial tissue cover
apicol surface, lateral, basal
what is the apicol surface
cells are exposed and not attached to other cells
what is the lateral surface
cells attached to other epithelial cells
what is the basal surface
base of tissue, attached to basement membrane
what is the basement membrane
specialized type of extracellular material secreted by epithelial and connective tissue cells.
what is basement membranes important role
supporting and guiding cell migration during tissue repair.
what are major functions of epithelial tissues
protecting underlying structures acting as barrier permitting passage of substnaces secreting substances absorbing substances
how do epithelial tissues act as barriers
reduce water loss and prevent toxic molecules and microorganisms
what are the 4 types of epithelial tissues
simple epithelium
stratified epithelium
pseudo-stratified
transitional
what is simple epithelium
single layer cells, extending basement to free surface
what is stratified epithelium
more layer cells, basal layer attach to basement membrane
what is pseudostratified
special type of simple, one layer cell attached to basement membrane
what is transitional
special type stratified, cell changes from cubical and columnar to squamous when stretched.
what are the three types of epithelium
squamous, cubidoil, columnar.
what are two types of stratified squamous epithelium
nonkeratinized- consists of living cells in both deepest and superficial layers
keratinized- living cells in deepest layer, dead containing keratin protein in superficial.
Where is keratinized found
skin, gums, hard palate of mouth.
where is nonkeratinized found
mouth, esophagus, rectum, vagina.
what is transitional epithelium
lines urinary bladder, ureters, kidney and urethra. surface cells cuboid or columnar when not stretched, and squamous when stretched.
what is purpose of simple epithelium
covers internal organs, facilitates diffusion of gases on lungs, filters blood in kidneys, cellular products in glands, absorbs nutrients in intestines.
what is function of stratified epithelium
protection
where is stratified squamous found
in areas of body where abrasion can occur, such as skin, mouth, pharynx, esophagus, anus, vagina.
what is the shape of cells that filter
flat and thin
what is the shape of cells that secrete
cubiodal or columnar.
what are goblet cells
specialized columnar epithelial cells. responsible for synthesizing and secreting mucus.
what are free surfaces
not in contact with other cells
what are the types of free surfaces
smooth, microvilli, folded, cilia.
what is microvilli
nonmotile, contain microfilaments, extensions of clll that increase surface area, occur in cells that absorb or secrete, such as serous membrane and lining of small intestine.
what is a ground substance
gel mile mixture of nonfiberous molecules
what are the two major components of ground substance
hyaluronic and proteoglycans
what is hyaluronic acid
long, unbranched polysaccharide chain composed of repeating disaccharide units.
what is a proteoglycan
large molecule consist of protien core attached to many long polysaccharides called glycosaminoglycans.
what are adhesive molecules
ground substance hold proteoglycans aggregates together.
what is chondronectin
ground substance of cartilege
what is fibronectin
ground substance of fiberous connective tissue
what are two major connective tissue
embryonic connective
mucous connective
what is embryonic connective tissue
composed of fibrofblasts surronded by semifluid extracellular matrix containing delicate reticular fibers.
what is mucous connective tissue
umbilical cord, sim to that of mesenchyme, rich source of stem cells.
what are the three types of adult connective tissue
connective tissue, fluid connective, supporting connective.
what is loose connective tissue
consist of relatively few protein fibers that form lacy netweork with numerous spaces filled with ground substance and fluid.
what are 3 subdivisions of connective tissue
areoler, adipose, reticular.
what is areoler tissue
loose packing material of most organs and tissues. attaches skin to underlying tissues. contains collegen, reticular, and elastic fibers.
what is adipose tissue
connective tissue with special properties- composed of large cells and small amount of extracellular matrix.
what does adipose tissue function as
insulator and site of energy storage.
what are two types of adipose tissue
yellow
brown
what is yellow adipose tissue
appears white at birth, turns yellow with age becuas accumulation of pigments, carotene, plant pigment
what is brown adipose tissue
found in armpits, neck, kidneys.
what is reticular tissue
form framework of lymphatic tissue. spleen. lymphocytes, bone marrow.
what is dense connective tissue
large number protein fibers, form thick bundles and fill extracellular space.
what does dense regular collagenous connective tissue form
form tendons, ligaments.
what is the general structure of tendons.
collagen fibers of ligaments often less compact.
some fibers not parallel
ligaments more flattened than tendons and form sheets and bands of tissues.
what is dense regular elastic connective tissue
parallel bundles of collagen fibers and abundant elastic fibers.
what is dense irregular connective tissue
contains protein fibers aranged as mashwork of randomly oriented fibers.
what is irregular collagenous connective tissue
forms dermis, surronds kidney and spleen.
what is dense irregular elastic connective tissue
elastic arteries, layers of tissue contain abundant elastic fibers.
what is cartilege
composed of cartilege cells with extensive and rigid matrix.
what is perichondrium
dense tissue surronding the surface of cartilege.
lacunae
spaces in whcih cartilege cells are located.
what are the three types of cartilege
hyaline
fibro
elastic
what is lyaline cartilege?
large amounts collogen fibers and proteoglycans. glassy translucient matrix when viewed trhough microscope
found where strong support and some flexiability. involved in growth that increases lenght of bones.
what is fibro
thicker bundles collogan fibers, slightly compresable and tough
where is fibro found
knee, jaw, vertebra
what is purpose of fibro
absorb shock and prevent bone to bone abrasion
what is elastic
found in areas that rigid but elastic properties.
what is bone
hard connective tissue that consists of living cells and mineralized matrix.
what is osteocytes
bone cells, located within holes in matrix.
what are two types of bone
compact- no space between thin layers or lamellae
spongy
what is blood
liquid matrix allos to flow rapidly through body, carry nutrients, oxygen, waste products.
what is hemopoetic tissue
forms blood cells, found in bone marrow
what are two types of bone marrow
red marrow- surronded by reticular fibers
yellow- yellow adipose tisse and not produce blood cells.
what is stereocillia
specialized microvilli found primarily in sensory structures such as inner ear
what is cilia
motile and contain microtubules, allow to move across free surface of cell.
what are cell connections
mechanically bind cells together, help form permeable layer, provide mechanism fro intercellular communication.
what are desmosomes
adhesive glycoproteins that bind cells together and intercellular proteins attached to intermediate filaments that extend tinto cytoplasm of cells.
what are hemidesmosomes
similar to one half of e3, attach epithelial cells to the basement membrane.
tight junctions
hold cells together and form permeable layer. formed by proteins in plasma membrane of adjacent cells that join one another to make a very tight seal.
what does tight junction form
ring that surrounds cell and binds cells together to prevent passage of material between cells.
where are tight junctions found
areas where layers of simple epithelium form permeable layer.
what is adhesive belt
glycoproteins is found below tight junction, acts as weak glue that holds cells together.
what is gap junction
small, specialized contact regio between cells containing protein channels that aid intercellular communication by allowing ions and small molecules to pass from one cell to another.
what is intercalculated disks
contain gap junctions and desomes that help hold adjacent cells in close contact.
what are glands
composed of epithelium, with supporting network of connective tissue. develop from infolding or outfolding of epithelium in embryo
what exocrine glands
glands with ducts
whats hormones
cellular products of endocrine products
whats multicellular glands
exocrine glands composed of many cells
whats goblet cells
unicellular glands that secrete mucus
what are the types of multicellular glands
simple, compound, tubular, acinar, alveolar, tubuloacinar, tubuloalveolar
what are the types of exocrine gland secretion
merocrine- involves release of secretory products by exocytosis used by water producing sweat glands
apocrine- involves release of secretory products as pinched off fragments of gland cells
holocrine- shedding of entire cells product accum in cytoplasm, cell ruptures and dies, entire cell is secreted.
what are major functions of connective tissue
enclosing and seperating tissue connective tissue to another. supporting and moving parts of body storing compounds cushioning transporting protecting
what is a blast
creates matrix
creates matrix
maintains matrix
what is a cytes
what is a clasts
breakdown for remodeling
what is adipocytes
adipose cells, cotain large amount of lipid
thin layer cytoplasm
abundants in loose connective tissue
what is mast cells
released in response to injury, trauma and infection.
what is white blood cells
move from blood vessel to connective tissue. increases with injury
what is lymphocytes
common in connective tissue under epithelial lining of digestive tract.
what is macrophages
large, phagocytic cells, derived from monocytes.
what are 2 types of macropages
fixed, wandering
what are platelets
fragments of hemopoietic cells containing enzymes and special proteins that function in clotting process.
what are undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
adult stem cell, potential to form multiple cell types. fibroblasts or smooth muscle cells, response to injury
what are three types of protien fibers
collagen, reticular, elastic.
what are collagen fibers
strong and flexible, like microscopicropes but not very elastic.
what is type 1 collagen
suited for tendons, ligaments, bone, skin, some flexiability
what is type 2 collagen
cartilege
what is type 3 collagen
reticular fibers
whats reticular fibers
very short, thin fibers that branch to form netwrok.
what are elastic fibers
protein has ability to return to origianl shape after stretched or compressed.
what are three types muscle tissues
skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscle.
what is skeletal muscle.
located attached to bones. very long. cylindrical cells, moves body
what is cardiac muscles
located in heart. cylindrical cells that branch, function provides major force for moving blood through blood vessels.
what is smooth muscles
located in walls of hollow organs, blood vessels, eyes, glands, skin. spindle shaped. moves food through digestive tract, empties urinary bladder, regulates blood vessel diameter.
what is nervous tissue
brain, spinal, cord, nerves, characterized by ability to conduct electrical signals, consists or neurons and glia.
what is neurons
conduciting cells of tissue, transport electrical signals throughout body.
what are the neuron components
cell body
dendrites
axon
what is cell body
contains nucleus and site of general cell functions
what is dendrites
receive action protentials, branches at ends
what is axon
conducts actin potentials away from cell body, constant diameter along entire lenght.
what are multipolar neurons
multiple dendrites and single axon
what is bipolar neurons
single dendrite and axon
what is pseudo unipolar neurons
single, short process extends from cell body and divides into two branches.
what is gilia
support cells of brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves.
what is mucous membrane
lines cavities and canals that open to outside of body.
what is components of mucous membrane
epithelial cells, basement membrane, connective tissue, lamina.
what is components of serous membrane
layer of squamous epithelium called mesothelium, basement membrane, delicate layer of connective tissue, do not contain glands.
what is purpose of serous membrane
protect internal organs from friction, help hold in place, selectively permeable membrane.
what is synovial membrane
line freely movable joints, made of connective tissue.
what is synovial fluid
rich in hyaluronic acod.
what is inflammation
response that occurs when tissues develop
what is imflammatory response
defense mechanism that mobilizes bodys immune cells to isolate and destroy microorganisms and remove damaged cells.
what are chemical mediators
stimulate pain receptors and increase permeability of blood vessels.
what does edema do
increase pressure in tissue, stimulate neurons and cause pain.
what is tissue repair
sub of viable cells for dead cells by regeneration or replacement
what is regeneration
new cells are same type that have been destroyed.
what is replacement
new type cell develops, which produces scar and causes loss of tissue function.
what is labile cells
always divide, undifferiated cells in bone marrow, study turnover of new cells replacing old cells.
where is labile cells found
skin, mucous membrane, lymphatic tissue.
what is stable cells
connective tissues, liver, endocrone glands, capable of regeneration in response to injury.
what is permanent cells
neurons, skeletal, cardiac muscle, not able to replicate response to injury
what is primary union
if edges of wound close together. wound fills with blood and clot forms.
what is secondary union
edges not close together, tissue loss extensive.
what is fibrin
threadlike protein which binds edges of wound together.
what is granulation tissue
delicate, granular appearing connective tissue that consist of fibroblasts, collagen, capillaries.
what is carcinoma
cancer derived from epithelial tissue
what is adencarcinomas
types of carsinomas derived from glandular epithelium
what is sarcoma
rare type of cancer derived from mesodermal tissue.
what does atherosclerosis results from
plaque forms in walls of blood vessels, which contain collagen fibers, lipids, calcium deposits.
