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A+P > A+P lecture notes 1-3 > Flashcards

A+P lecture notes 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

anatomy

A

scientific discipline that investigates the bodys structure

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2
Q

physiology

A

scientific investigation of the processes or function of living things.

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3
Q

what are the types of anatomy

A

gross

  1. regional
  2. systemic
  3. surface

microscopic

cytology

histology

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4
Q

regional

A

studied area by area

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5
Q

systemic

A

studied system by system

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6
Q

surface

A

external form and relation to deeper structures as xray in anatomic imaging

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7
Q

cytology

A

study of cell anatomy

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8
Q

histology

A

study of tissues

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9
Q

What are the types of Physiology

A

cell

neurophysiology

cardiovascular

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10
Q

What are the two subjects that encompass both anatomy and physiology

A

pathology

exercise physiology

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11
Q

pathology

A

structural and functiona changes caused by disease

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12
Q

exercise physiology

A

changes in structure and function caused by exercise.

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13
Q

What are the structural and functional organizations

A

chemical

cell

tissue

organ

organ system

organism

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14
Q

chemical level of organization

A

interaction of atoms/molecules

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15
Q

cell level of organization

A

functional unit of life

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16
Q

tissue level of organization

A

group of similar cells and surronding materials

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17
Q

organ level of organization

A

one or more tissues functioning together

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18
Q

organ system level

A

group of organs functioning together

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19
Q

organization

A

condition in which there are specific relationships and functions

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20
Q

metabolism

A

all chemical reactions of the body

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21
Q

responsiveness

A

ability to sense changes and adjust

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22
Q

growth

A

increase in size and or number of cells

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23
Q

What are the 6 characteristics of an organism

A

organization

metabolism

responsiveness

growth

development

morphogenesis

reproduction

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24
Q

development

A

changes in an organism over time

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25
Q

differentiation

A

change from general to specific

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26
Q

morphogenesis

A

change in shape of tissues, organs

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27
Q

reproduction

A

new cells or new organisms

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28
Q

Homeostasis

A

the existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body

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29
Q

set point

A

the ideal normal value of a variable

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30
Q

What are the two types of feedback systems

A

negative and positive

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31
Q

receptor

A

monitors the value of some variable

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32
Q

control center

A

establishes the set point

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33
Q

effector

A

can change the value of the variable

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34
Q

What is negetive feedback

A

any deviation from the set point is made smaller

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35
Q

What is positive feedback

A

when a deviation occurs, the response is to make the deviation greater.

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36
Q

anatomical position

A

body erect, face forward, feet together, palms face forward

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37
Q

supine

A

lying face up

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38
Q

prone

A

lying face down

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39
Q

superior

A

toward the head vs inferior (away from the head)

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40
Q

proxmal vs distil

A

used to describe linear structures

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41
Q

superficial vs deep

A

relative to the surface of the body

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42
Q

What are the 4 body plans

A

median and sagittal

frontal or coronal

transverse

oblique

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43
Q

frontal or coronal

A

divides body into anterior and posterior sections

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44
Q

transverse/cross

A

divides body into superior and inferior sections

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45
Q

oblique

A

other than a right angle

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46
Q

What are the planes of section through an organ

A

longitudinal

cross/transverse

oblique

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47
Q

What are the three serous membranes

A

pericardium- heart

pleura- lungs

peritoneum- abdominopelvic cavity

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48
Q

radiography

A

shawdowy negtive of internal body structures

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49
Q

ultrasound

A

computer analyzed sound waves bounced off a structure

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50
Q

computed tomography

A

computed analyzed composite of radiograph- shows slices of body

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51
Q

digital subtraction angiography

A

comparision of radiographs with and without dye

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52
Q

magnetic resonance imaging

A

uses magnetism and radio waves to look for varying alignments of protons in soft tissues

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53
Q

positrom emission tomography

A

uses radioactively glucose -calculates metabolic activity of cells.

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54
Q

element

A

the simplest type of matter having unique chemical properties

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55
Q

What is a element

A

atoms of one kind

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56
Q

atom

A

the smallest particle of an element that has chemical characteristics of the element.

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57
Q

atoms

A

composed of subatomic particles

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58
Q

neutrons

A

no charge

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59
Q

protons

A

one positive charge

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60
Q

electrons

A

one negative charge

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61
Q

nucleus

A

formed by protons and neutrons

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62
Q

What are the two types of chemical bonding?

A

ionic, covalent

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63
Q

ionic bonding

A

atoms exchange electrons

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64
Q

covalent bonding

A

two or more atoms share electron pairs

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65
Q

ion

A

an atom loses or gains electrons and becomes charged

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66
Q

cation

A

positive charged ion

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67
Q

anion

A

negatively charged atom

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68
Q

molecules

A

two or more atoms chemically combine. same or different atoms

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69
Q

electrolytes

A

solutions from dissociation of cations and anions in water.

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70
Q

nonelectrolytes

A

solutions made by molecules that dissolve in water.

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71
Q

energy

A

the capacity to do work

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72
Q

potential energy

A

energy stored in chemical bonds. energy that could do work if it were released

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73
Q

What does breaking chemical bonds release?

A

energy

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74
Q

catalysts

A

substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions without being permanently changed or depleted.

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75
Q

enzymes

A

a protein catalyst that increase the rate of chemical reactions

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76
Q

inorganic chemistry

A

substances that do not contain carbon.

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77
Q

solution

A

mixture of liquids, gases, or solids that are uniformly distributed and chemically combined

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78
Q

solvent

A

that which dissolves the solute

79
Q

solute

A

that which dissolves in the solvent

80
Q

acid

A

a proton donor

81
Q

base

A

a proton acceptor

82
Q

acidic

A

below pH 7. as acidity increases, the concentration of hydrogen ions increases.

83
Q

oxygen

A

required in the final step to extract energy from food

84
Q

carbon dioxide

A

produced during breakdown of organic compounds.

85
Q

organic chemistry

A

study of carbon containing substances

86
Q

four major groups needed for living things

A

carbohydrates

lipids

proteins

nucleic acids

87
Q

carbohydrates

A

composed of C, H, O.

energy sources and structure

88
Q

lipids

A

mostly C,H,O

relatively insoluble in water

protection, insulation, physiological regulation, component of cell membranes

89
Q

proteins

A

C,H,O, nitrogen

regulate processes, aid transport, protection, muscle contraction

90
Q

nucleic acid

A

C,H,O, nitrogen, phosphorus

91
Q

disaccharides

A

two simple sugars bound together

92
Q

polysaccharides

A

storage molecules

many monosaccharides

93
Q

triglycerides

A

composed of glycerol and fatty acids.

94
Q

phospholipids

A

polar one end. nonpolar at other.

95
Q

steroids

A

carbon atoms arranged in four rings

96
Q

amino acids

A

building blocks of proteins

97
Q

protein structure

A

a chain of different amino acids

98
Q

nucleotides

A

composed of a five carbon sugar, nitrogen, and phosphate.

99
Q

DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid

A

genetic material of cells copied from one generation to next.

composed of two strands of nucleotides

100
Q

RNA: ribonucleic acid

A

similar to a single stand of DNA

responsible for interpreting the code within DNA into proteins.

101
Q

ATP

A

energy currency of the body

provides energy for chemical reactions and drive cell processes or muscle contraction

all energy requiring chemical reactiosn stop when there is inadaquate ATP

102
Q

What is the basic structure of the cell

A

plasma membrane

cytoplasm

nucleus

103
Q

What is the functions of the cell

A
  1. cell metabolism and energy use
  2. synthesis of molecules

3, communication

  1. reproduction and inheritance.
104
Q

What does the plasma membrane do?

A

separates inter-cellular from extracellular.

105
Q

glycolipids

A

carbohydrates + lipids

106
Q

glycoproteins

A

carbohydrates+ proteins

107
Q

membrane lipids

A

phospholipids and cholesterol

108
Q

cholesterol

A

more cholesterol= a less fluid membrane

109
Q

membrane proteins

A
  1. intergral or intrinsic (extend deeply into membrane, usually from one side to other. )
  2. peripheral or extrinsic (extrinsic proteins are attached to either the inner or outer surfaces of the lipid bilayer.)
110
Q

marker molecules

A

cells identify each other

immunity

intercellular communication

recognition of oocyte by sperm cell.

111
Q

what makes up glycolipids

A

carbohydrates +lipids

112
Q

what makes up glycoproteins

A

carbohydrates + proteins

113
Q

What are the two types attachment proteins

A

cadherins- cells to cells

integrins- integral proteins that attach to extracellular molecule

114
Q

What are the three transport proteins

A

channel

carrier

ATP powered pumps

115
Q

Channel Proteins

A

nongated ion channels - always open

gated ion channels- open/closed by stimuli

116
Q

non gated ion channels

A

plasma membrane permeable to a few ions when the plasma membrane is at rest

117
Q

ligand gated ion channel

A

opes in response to a small molecule binding to proteins or glycoproteins

118
Q

voltage gated ion channel

A

opens or closes in response to a change in charge across plasma membrane.

119
Q

carrier proteins

A

integral proteins - move ions from one side of membrane to other.

120
Q

What are the three forms of carrier proteins

A

one specific ion or molecule across the plasma membrane

symporters- move two different ions or molecules in same direction across the plasma

antiporters- move two different ions or molecules in opposite directions across plasma

121
Q

What are the two forms of channel proteins

A

nongated ion channels

gated ion channels

122
Q

What are the two parts of ATP powered transport

A

requires ATP

rate of transport depends on concentration ATP

123
Q

enzymes

A

some act to catalyze reactiosn at outer/inner surface of plasma membrane

124
Q

receptor proteins

A

can act as an intercellural communication system

chemical signals attach only to cells with a specific receptor.

125
Q

what are the four kinds of movement trough plasma membrane

A

diffusion

osmosis

filtration

mediated transport

126
Q

what are the types of mediated transport

A

facilitated diffusion

active

secondary active

127
Q

What is diffusion

A

movement of solutes in solution

128
Q

concentration

A

difference between two points

129
Q

viscosity

A

how easily a liquid flows

130
Q

temp

A

affects movement of particles

131
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water across a selective permeable membrane. water moves from area of low concentration of solute area of high concentration of solute.

132
Q

osmotic pressure

A

force required to prevent water from moving across a membrane by osmosis.

133
Q

comparative terms that describe osmotic pressure

A

isosmotic

hyperesmotic

hyposmotic

134
Q

isosmotic

A

solutions with same concentration of solute particles

135
Q

hyperosmotic

A

solution with a greater concentration of solute

136
Q

hyposmotic

A

solution with a lesser concentration of solute

137
Q

isotonic solution

A

cell neither shrinks nor swells

138
Q

hypertonic

A

cell shrinks

139
Q

hypotonic

A

cell swells

140
Q

filtration

A

strainer

depends on pressure on either side

moes from sde of greater pressure to lower

141
Q

many essential molecules like amino acids and glucose cannot enter the cell by diffusion.

A

/////////

142
Q

characteristics of mediated transport

A

specificity- a single type of molecule

competition- among molecules of similar shape

saturation- rate of transport limited by number of carrier proteins

143
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

by a carrier or channel protein

moves large water soluble molecules or electrically charged molecules across a membrane.

144
Q

Active transport

A

requires ATP

rate depends on number of ATP powered pumps and the availibilty of adequate ATP

145
Q

symport

A

if two different ions or molecules move in the same direction

146
Q

antiport

A

if two different ions or molecules move in opposite direction.

147
Q

secondary active transport

A

ions or molecules move in same or different direction.

148
Q

endocytosis

A

the uptake of material through the plasma membrane by the formation of a vesicle

149
Q

types of endocytosis

A

phagocytosis- cell eating

pinocytosis- cell drinking

receptor mediated- eating and drinking

150
Q

pinocytosis

A

small vesicles form with dissolved molecules inside liquids rather than particles

151
Q

exocytosis

A

secretions expelled from cell

152
Q

cytoplasm

A

cellular material outside nucleus but inside plasma membrane

153
Q

What are the 4 parts of the cytoplasm

A

cytosol

cytoskeleton

cytoplasmic inclusions

organelles

154
Q

cytosol (colloid)

A

fluid portion of the cytoplasm

155
Q

colloid

A

viscous solution containing dissolved ions and molecules and suspended molecules

156
Q

what are the functions of the cytoskeleton

A

supports the cell

holds necleus and organelles in place

responsible for movement of cell orgenelles

157
Q

three parts of the cytoskeleton

A

microtubules

intermediate filaments

microfilaments

158
Q

microtubules

A

internal scaffold, role in transport inside cell, cell division.

159
Q

intermediate filaments

A

provides mechanical strength to the cell

160
Q

microfilaments

A

structure, support fro microvilli, defines shape of cell

161
Q

cytoplasmic inclusions

A

aggregates of chemicals that are produced or taken in by the cell

162
Q

organelles

A

small specilized structures. most have membranes which seperate the interior of organelles from the cytoplasm

163
Q

chromosome

A

DNA + proteins. regulate DNA function

164
Q

chromatids

A

chromatin condenses into pairs

165
Q

centromere

A

joins each pair of chromatids

166
Q

what are the types of ribosomes

A

free floating

attached

167
Q

What are the types of endoplasmic reticulum

A

rough- attached ribosomes

smooth- no attached ribosomes

168
Q

cisternae

A

interior spaces isolated from rest of cytoplasm

169
Q

gogli apparatus

A

modifies, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids produced by the RER and SER for secretion or internal use.

170
Q

peroxisomes

A

contain enzymes to break down fatty acids and amino acids

hydrogen peroxide is by product of breakdown

catalase that breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen

cells active in detoxification

171
Q

mitochondria

A

power house of the cell- provides energy for the cell

172
Q

what are the membranes of mitochondria

A

cristae

matrix

173
Q

when does mitochondria increase

A

when cell energy requirements increase

174
Q

what are mitochondrial diseases result from?

A

mutations on the mitochondrial genes

175
Q

centrosome

A

specialized zone of cytoplasm near the nuceus that is responsible for microtubule formation

176
Q

what is centrosomes function

A

scaffold to cytoplasm

involved in determining cell shape and movement

177
Q

cilia

A

appendages projecting from cell surfaces

178
Q

cilia purpose

A

moves material over cell structure

179
Q

flagella

A

similar to cilia but longer

one per cell

move cell itself

180
Q

microvilli

A

extension of plasma membrane

181
Q

gene

A

functional unit of heredity

gene responsible for the transmission of the genetic traits from parents to offspring

segment of DNA molecule that specifies the structure of a protein or RNA molecule

182
Q

Types of genes

A

structural- template for mRNA

regulatory- control which structural genes are transcribed in a given tissue

183
Q

transcription

A

DNA is used to form mRNA

184
Q

translation

A

synthesis of a protein at the ribosomes using mRNA, tRNA and rRNA

185
Q

what does the rate of protein synthesis vary upon

A

chemical signals

186
Q

interphase

A

phase between cell division

187
Q

mitosis

A

mother cell with two daughter cells

188
Q

cytokinesis

A

the division of the cell’s cytoplasm

189
Q

What are the steps of replication of DNA

A

dna strands seperate

old strands become templates

DNA ploymerase adds new nucleotides to end of growing strands

190
Q

what are the steps of mitosis

A

prophase

metaphase

anaphase

telophase

191
Q

cytokinesis

A

cytoplasmic division

192
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes are aligned at the center of the cell

193
Q

anaphase

A

spindle fibers seperate the chromatids

194
Q

telophase

A

chromosomes decondense

A+P (8 decks)

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